Slovin Formula

Test AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Sample ? Is a limited number of a thing (or individual) taken from a populace having indistinguishable attributes with those of the populace from which it was taken. ? An example is viewed as one-sided in the event that one or a few of the things (or people) in the populace are given a reliably preferred chance to be picked over the others. ? An assortment with indicated measurement Sample size ? Irregular testing, the bigger the example, the more precisely it speaks to the populace from which it was taken. As the example size declines, the level of representativeness turns out to be less. Size of test relies upon certain variables: ? Level of exactness required ? Measure of changeability inalienable in the populace from which the example was taken ? Nature and intricacy of the attributes of the populace viable Sample Strategy ? Regular Misguided Approach ? choose what information to gather ? at that point attempt study ? choose what examination ought to b e fouled up information gathered ? information gathered on wrong subjects ? lacking information gathered ? Wanted investigation may not be conceivable or powerful Key to Good Sampling ? define the points of the examination ? choose what investigation is required to fulfill this points ? choose what information are required to encourage the examination ? gather the information required by the investigation Determine test size ? Slovin Formula: ? n = N__ ? 1+NE? ? Where: n = test size ? N = populace size E = room for give and take * wanted Example:What should be the agent test size if the populace from which the example will be taken is 10,000 and the ideal wiggle room is 2%? Solution:To decide the example size, utilize the equation; n = ___N__ 1+NE? n = 10,000 = 2,000 1+ (10,000) (0. 02)? The example size is 2,000 This equation in finding the example size can't be utilized when the ordinary estimate of the populace is poor or little. Safety buffers | |Population |⠱ 1% |⠱ 2% |⠱ 3% |⠱ 4% |⠱ 5% |⠱ 10% | |500 |* |222 |83 | |1500 |* |638 |441 |316 |94 | |2500 |* |1250 |767 |500 |345 |96 | |3000 |* |1364 |811 |517 |353 |97 | |4000 |* |1538 |870 |541 |364 |98 | |5000 |* |1667 |909 |556 |370 |98 | |6000 * |1765 |938 |566 |375 |98 | |7000 |* |1842 |959 |574 |378 |99 | |8000 |* |1905 |976 |580 |381 |99 | |9000 |* |1957 |989 |584 |383 |99 | |10000 |5000 |2000 |1000 |588 |385 |99 | |50000 |8333 |2381 |1087 |617 |387 |100 | Margin of Error Is the suitable blunder in percent bec ause of the utilization of the example, rather than the populace ? * show that the suspicion of typical estimation is poor and that the example size equation doesn't make a difference. Rules with respect to the base number of things required for a delegate test: ? Spellbinding examinations †a base number of 100 ? Co-social investigations †an example of at any rate 50 is considered important to set up the presence of a relationship ? Exploratory and causal near investigations †least of 30 for every gathering ? In some cases trial concentrates with just 15 things in each gathering can be protected on the off chance that they are firmly controlled ? On the off chance that the example is arbitrarily chosen and is adequately huge, an exact perspective on the populace can be had, gave that no predisposition enters the choice procedure Sampling Error ? Is the blunder credited to risk that is being made while choosing irregular examples to speak to a given populace viable. ? It is the normal possibility contrast, variety or deviation between an arbitrary example and the populace. ? Doesn't result from estimation or calculation blunders, in spite of the fact that these mistakes additionally add to incorrectness.

Legal Homework 3 B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawful Homework 3 B - Essay Example Thirdly, Judy’s disengagement, the passage and unannounced exit of the specialist are away from of inability to put Judy and her family at the core of care; fourthly, the therapist and the medical attendant have abused the standard of correspondence and co-ordinated care in the treatment of the patient, in any case the difference in watchman could have been progressively consistent to maintain a strategic distance from self destruction endeavors. 2. Was the medical caretaker careless for opening the restroom entryway and permitting Judy to shower without anyone else? The attendant was careless for opening the washroom and permitting the patient to shower without anyone else, in light of the fact that in fact it was outlandish for her to do any significant prepping because of her psychological issue. Additionally, she had spent numerous days without cleaning up. 3. Was it beneath the standard of care the medical attendant to leave the restroom entryway opened when the specialis t came to see Judy? Leaving the restroom entryway opened was all together, since the patient’s developments would be checked by the specialist. Also, if regardless the nurse’s assistance was desperately required, the person in question would have gotten to the room more effectively than when it was bolted. 4. Is there a more prominent obligation to this patient from a moral point of view? Why or why not? Judy is experiencing automatic mental treatment favored under the precepts of police power and state’s parens patriae, anyway this condition doesn't strip her of patient rights and moral treatment. On the other hand, commanded treatment normally conjures moral pressures for specialists and their aides that need a sensitive exercise in careful control. While, Judy’s individual flexibilities ought to be limited by temperance of her psychological wellness, there should be a more noteworthy obligation to her by considering rules that commit the clinicians to treat her with more regard and respect (McSherry, McSherry, and Watson, 2012). Though prevention of self destruction in Judy’s case requires a stricter situation, she merits a closer, more amicable condition since self destruction cases don't simply occur out of blues; there are unavoidable signs like planning of ropes as saw for this situation. In recognizing the gravity of precluding Judy the opportunity from claiming patients, she ought to be conceded: a legal audit of her circumstance, a lawful insight, and a superior, less prohibitive alternative than hospitalization. In addition, more prominent obligation of care necessitates that the crisis social insurance office to team up additional with Judy’s leaders in investigating feasible treatment alternatives to reestablish her wellbeing, since it is just moral if the medicinal services staff move in the direction of her prosperity instead of binding her in a detached room, which just serves to bother her condition. 5 . What moral standards must be viewed as when thinking about such a patient? a) The fundamental moral rule that ought to be considered for this situation is treatment through educated assent. Attributable to Judy’s psychological wellness condition, her family through a genuine substitute chief claim all authority to be outfitted with adjusted proficient data in regards to Judy’s wellbeing condition and reasonable treatment choices so as to show up at proper choices without undue impact. b). Furthermore there ought to be an inviting, proficient separation and regard among Judy and her clinicians that makes a more secure and increasingly unsurprising condition for her recuperation. This would make room

Quick Notes About the First Year Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Quick Notes About the First Year Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Quick Notes About the First Year Application With the 2014 First Year application opening this past Tuesday, we are receiving many questions from students who have started applying. Here are a few things to keep in mind. When self-reporting your grades on the application, you should report grades as they are listed on your official high school transcript. Remember we are only asking for grades from your high school years. Do not include middle school grades in your application even if they are listed on your transcript. Have a copy of your transcript in front of you when completing the application to help ensure that you dont have errors. But if you realize later that you made errors in reporting grades, dont worry. We require an official high school transcript because we are going to double check your self-reported GPA. Did you forget to include leadership activities, awards and honors, or other resume material? Dont worry. You can email additional information to our processing team at admproc@uga.edu . This wont be reflected on your myStatus, but we will add your email to your file documents. Please know that any changes we make in our system will not change the PDF copy of your application as the PDF is a fixed snapshot of your application when you first submitted it. The University System of Georgia requires that high school students complete 4 units of science by graduation, including 2 units with a laboratory component. This is rarely an issue for our in-state applicants. We are able to be flexible with out-of-state applicants and use your 8th grade science as long as it was a physical science. To learn more about the University System requirements, view their Staying on Course requirements and FAQ. Once you choose Early Action or Regular Decision and submit your application, you are NOT able to change decision plans. Take your time and make sure you choose the decision plan under which you would like to be considered. However, if you want to change from EA to RD consideration, the work-around is to NOT complete your file for now. EA applicants missing any required documents and test scores will automatically be deferred to the RD timeline after EA decisions are released, hopefully in early December. Incomplete EA students will see deferred on their myStatus. At that point you can send all documents, first semester grades, a teacher recommendation, additional SAT/ACT scores, and Part II of the application with the four short essays. The Part II essays must arrive online by January 15; deadline for arrival of all other documents and scores is January 22. The biggest drawback to this work-around is that you will have to ignore a few emails reminding you that your file is, indeed, incomplete. We hope this helps you while youre getting ready to complete the application. Go Dawgs!

Essay on Judicial Review - 980 Words

Judicial review was enacted as a checks and balance step when concerning the government and the interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Judicial review gives the court the power to review and change laws and government acts that violate the Constitution (Huq, n.d.). Allowing the court system this power helps prevent government officials from using the Constitution to illegally use their position in making laws and regulations in the United States. The judicial review was first used in an unusual way and under unusual circumstances. The most important case in Supreme Court History was in 1803 with Marbury v. Madison; coincidently, it was the start of judicial review. This complicated case began when President Jefferson took office†¦show more content†¦Judicial review in the United Kingdom is either non-existent or has a different meaning to the courts in the UK compared to the courts of the United States. There are a few reasons to the neglect of judicial review. One reason is that the UK does not have a written constitution to be placed under review in any circumstance; it does operate as if there is a constitution, which allows the country to strive as it always has (Morris, 2008). Another reason is that the United Kingdom government wants to keep politics out of the court system, keeping them unbiased and fact-based rulings; any reviews on a courts ruling in a case is done to make sure the decision was made following the law (Judicial Review, 2011). Judicial review in the UK challenge the way a decision was made not the actual ruling that was made; if you were involved in a criminal case you could have your ruling appealed, but not challenged (Judicial review, 2011). The Netherlands has the same sort of conclusions about judicial review as the United Kingdom, keeping an independent judiciary. 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According to Black’s Law Dictionary, judicial activism is â€Å"a philosophy of judicial decision-makingRead MoreJudicial Review : The Constitution1168 Words   |  5 PagesJudicial Review is the power of courts to determine whether or not actions by the government are valid. The courts adjudicate the constitutionality of the governmental actions u nder review to ensure their validity. Under judicial review, the government actions under consideration for validity are presidential orders and actions, as well as legislation by Congress. In other words, judicial review is a check on the executive and legislative branches of the government. Judicial review checks these governmentalRead MoreJudicial Review : The Supreme Court968 Words   |  4 PagesJudicial review is the idea that the actions of the executive and legislative branches of government are subject to review and possible invalidation by the judicial branch, most commonly the Supreme Court. It allows the Supreme Court to take an active role in ensuring that the other branches of government abide by the constitution, as they interpret the document. This process is paramount in protecting the validity of the Constitution as well as upholding the laws set forth by it as well. JudicialRead MoreJudicial Review And The Indian Courts2740 Words   |  11 PagesJUDICIAL REVI EW AND THE INDIAN COURTS Introduction Judicial Review is basically an aspect of judicial power of the state which is exercised by the courts to determine the validity of a rule of law or an action of any agency of the state. The courts have the power of testing the validity of legislative as well as other governmental action with reference to the provisions of the constitution. The judiciary tries to undo the harm that is being done by the legislature and executive and they also tryRead MoreJudicial Review and Judicial Supremacy: a Paradigm of Constitutionalism in Nigeria.15519 Words   |  63 PagesJUDICIAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL SUPREMACY: A PARADIGM OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN NIGERIA. By A.T.Shehu, PhD( ABSTRACT This paper examines judicial review and judicial power in Nigeria under the 1999 Constitution in relation to the constitution itself and in relation to the political branches of government. This is essentially to locate where lays supremacy between the branches and the judiciary particularly the Supreme Court with its final appellate jurisdiction. Judicial review and supremacy of theRead MoreJudicial Review : The United States1242 Words   |  5 Pagescase that they play a very big part in the public’s policy making. Judicial review is the primary role of the federal courts to discuss back and forth if a law is unconstitutional. Judicial review can also regulate the acts or behaviors that the Executive and Judicial carry out in legislation and the Courts may choose to declare those actions taken by the other branches or not those actions are unconstitutional or not. Judicial review is also the main source of power in the Supreme court s. It hasRead MoreJudicial Review And The Indian Courts1444 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Science Essay Monsoon Semester 2014 Submitted by- Pradyumna Soni 214048 JUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE INDIAN COURTS Introduction Judicial Review is basically an aspect of judicial power of the state which is exercised by the courts to determine the validity of a rule of law or an action of any agency of the state. The courts have the power of testing the validity of legislative as well as other governmental action with reference to the provisions of the constitution. TheRead MoreJudicial Review : The United States813 Words   |  4 PagesThe judicial review is the convention concealed by the executive and legislative activities which are liable for the judiciary to look over. Particular courts that have judicial review authority must repeal the demonstrations of the state. This happens when it discovers them inconsistent with a higher power. Judicial review is a case of the detachment of forces in a present day administrative framework. This rule is translated diversely in distinctive wards, so the method and extent of judicial reviewRead MoreJudicial Review : An Intrinsic Necessity1312 Words   |  6 Pages Submissions to the High Court Regarding Judicial review is an intrinsic necessity to the Australian Government and is a critical aspect in enforcing accountability of both the legislative and executive branches. Essentially, the actions of constituent legislative and executive branches are subject to review, regardless of these governmental counterparts holding authority exceeding that of the judiciary. In fact, a number of provisions for judicial review are upheld by the Australian ConstitutionRead More The case against Judicial Review Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Case Against Judicial Review In order to make a case against judicial review it is first important to understand the origins. Born in 1803 out of the landmark United States Supreme Court decision of Marbury V. Madison, judicial review gives the court the power to invalidate any law repugnant (or in conflict with) to the constitution. Judicial review has for the courts, become a self made license to strike down legitimately made legislation by democratically elected representatives

Opportunities Of Islamic Banking In The Uk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1579 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Islamic banking is a hot topic in western countries especially in the UK. In the UK almost 2 million Muslims community is living and they want to spend their lives according to their religion (www.guardian.co.uk). This community is well contributing to the economy of the UK due to this the UK government gives more importance in the sector of Islamic banking. Nowadays the UK is the hub of Islamic banking and most of the high street banks providing the services of Islamic window. Due to this growing demand, Islamic banking faces some difficulties and challenges in western countries. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze the growth and opportunities of Islamic banking in the UK. 5.2 The Paradigms and Methodologies There are two main research paradigms positivistic and phenomenological. It is possible that different authors may use the alternative terms for these main paradigms in different time. The most commonly and alternatively used the terms ar e quantitative research method for positivistic and qualitative for phenomenological (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The originally the positivistic paradigm was developed in the natural sciences to study natural phenomena and it is confirmatory and deductive in nature. The phenomenological paradigm was developed in the social sciences to facilitate the researchers to research and analyze social and cultural phenomena and this approach is exploratory and inductive in nature (www.socialresearchmethods). The paradigm is very important because it gives you a right path to use the right methodology. According to Collis and Hussy (2003 p.55) acirc;â‚ ¬Ã…“Regardless of which paradigm you are employing, it is important that you pay attention to all the features, and ensure that there are no contradictions or deficiencies in your methodologyacirc;â‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . The paradigm of this research is phenomenological because it tends to produce qualitative data not quantitative. The quantita tive research is objective in nature that involves analysis of numerical data by applying statistical tests (Collis and Hussey, 2003). But the qualitative research is much more subjective in nature, concerned with generating theories and can be generalized in understanding of the phenomenon of challenges and opportunities of Islamic banking in UK. 5.21 Reason for chosen Qualitative Research In qualitative research methods it is easy to get detailed, conceptual and rich ideas because these methods provide the results that how people feel and what they think because they feel relax to comments on any specific topic (www.orau.gov). In my research it is comfortable to hold qualitative research because it is related to banks authorities and banking customers. From the interviews with banks authorities it is easy to get information about growth and development of Islamic finance in the UK and as well understanding of Islamic financial products between banks and customers. Ther e are some advantages of qualitative research over quantitative research. In qualitative research it is easy to explore topic in detail and more depth than quantitative research methods. Qualitative research has the advantages over quantitative research because it is less expensive there is no need to contact with many participants as well no need to use the expensive methods and software for analysis. The qualitative research is more flexible in term of locations and timing because there is no need to interviews a large number of people to take result (www.orau.gov). It is resulted that qualitative methods can provide all the information in detailed because in unstructured and semi-structured interviews the participants feel no hesitation to discuss matters in details. The qualitative research has some demerits as well because it is not able to produce the exact figures that how many people of society understand the topic and it is difficult to express what people like and disli ke (www.orau.gov). It is difficult to analyse the data in qualitative research because the collected information are too much and to conclude this data is a hard job due to time constraint. 5.3 Research Method For this research project, I chose to undertake qualitative research method. The qualitative method is a type of research that emphasizes the quality of meaning in consumer perceptions and behaviours; there are different criteria or techniques can be used in qualitative method such as in-depth interviews and focus groups (https://marketing.about.com). The most common qualitative research techniques include: In-depth interview Focus group Case study Direct observation Diary methods Role-play and simulation (www.projects.exeter.ac.uk). 5.3.1 Reason for chosen in-depth Interviews I chose in-depth interview technique for my qualitative research due to its unique advantages over other techniques such as focus group and questionnaires. In the way of in-depth interviews it is easy to speak to an individual and keep his attention on specific topic comparatively it is difficult in focus group interviews. There is a lot of time saving and reducing the hassles to take an appointment from individual. The main advantage of in-depth interview is that the interviews can be easily conducted with key community leaders through that researcher can get a fast overview of a community according to his requirements (www.caps.ucsf.edu). In-depth interview has advantages over questionnaires base research that researcher can get the information itself and there is no any discrepancy in understanding and analysing the data for result. In questionnaires there is possibility that some participants are unable to respond on time and as well some time there is difficult to understand the theme of questionnaires. According to Collis and Hussey (2003) the major problem in questionnaires especially distributed by post that delay in response and some time no response by the participants. 5.4 Data Sources 5.4.1 The Primary Data This research is based on a study of the UK because growing population of Muslims community is playing positive role for the UK economy. Actually most of the Muslims want to spend their lives according to their faith. In this case study it will be examined that what are the problems and opportunities in the UK for Islamic banking. I will use the qualitative method of research in this project. There are different techniques of qualitative method but according to the situation the in-depth interviews is more suitable form for this project. According to Collis and Hussey (2003) in phenomenological approach the interview questions are unstructured or semi- structured in pattern not closed questions like positivistic approach. The plan is that the researcher will prepare semi-structured questions that are helpful to take maximum information from interviewees because in closed questions it is possible t hat some important information will be ignored. In semi-structured interviews the researcher has an opportunity to probe various areas and to raise specific queries during the semi-structured interviews (https://www.iiu.edu.my/iaw/). 5.4.2 The Secondary Data According to the project requirement the existing literature will be used for theoretical study from all resources such as academic and scholarly journals, newspapers and magazines. The interviewer will also follow the previous research of Islamic banking with regard to challenges and growth in Australia and Malaysia because there is lot of work in this sector. 5.5 Data Collection Methods For the collection of primary data I shall use technique of in-depth interview. The plan is to hold the seven in-depth interviews from different sectors of the society. The researcher will hold three interviews from the banks authorities such as HSBC, Lloyd TSB and Islamic Bank of Britain that will give the clear facts and figures a bout the growth, opportunities and problems related to Islamic banking with reference to shaacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢riah compliance and Governmental authorities. Two with such Muslims who already customer of the Islamic banking which will facilitate the research through providing the information why they did take up Islamic banking, advantages and disadvantages of this system and as well about the scope of Islamic banking in UK. Two with such Muslims that are not using Islamic banking product which will helpful to investigate why they have not taken the Islamic banking product and which factors are stopping them from these services that are according to their faith. My plan is to speak to non-Muslims that are using the Islamic banking products that will provide the best information for the growth and strong fundamentals of Islamic banking. The planned is to conduct these interviews through sending letters to banking authorities and emails to customer services department of the perspe ctive banks to arrange an appointment. To take interviews from customers and non-customers of the Islamic banking the interviewer will use the posters advertisement in the mosques and libraries in that area where the Muslims are living in majority. The interviews will be recorded using the voice recorder with the permission of the interviewees. If the voice recorder is not possible then the interviewer will take notes which will be summarized with full detail and also these notes will be available on demand for further investigation. 5.6 Limitation of the Study According to the proposed planned of seven interviews it is possible that there should be some hurdle to get all information from customers of Islamic banking. In the course of research if the researcher will feel to get more widely information about the growth of Islamic banking then mini open ended questionnaires will be conducted. According to Collis and Hussey (2003) it is possible that the method of questionnaires can be applied in both methodologies. The success rate of the project will be examined based on the existing theory of Islamic banking and assumptions made during the research. The primary data will be analyzed on the base of actual ambition of the Islamic banking and its implementation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Opportunities Of Islamic Banking In The Uk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Universal Healthcare The Pros and Cons Free Essays

Universal Healthcare: The Pros and Cons On March 23, 2010 the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed by President Obama, raising the question for many of whether this new law was going to be more helpful or hurtful. With universal healthcare, healthcare coverage would be increased tremendously, costs would be reduced, Jobs would be created, and consumers would be protected. Conversely, it will also raise taxes and wait times, lead to a smaller number of doctors, and infringe on some employers’ 1st amendment rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Universal Healthcare: The Pros and Cons or any similar topic only for you Order Now Presenting both arguments for and against the Patient Protection nd Affordable Care Act allows one to draw a conclusion on whether the new program will benefit or hinder the citizens of the United States. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, will extend coverage to virtually every US citizen. It is estimated that approximately 45 million Americans are uninsured, and 45,000 of those citizens are dying each year simply because they do not have health care (Ireland). Once this new act takes effect, 32 of those 45 million citizens will receive coverage. Citizens whose ages range from 19 to 25 will be able to stay on their parent’s insurance plans when normally they would have been forced ff the plan. Young adults who are not on their parent’s insurance plans and who normally wouldn’t be able to afford coverage will now be able to pay for their own health insurance. Currently, patients with pre-existing conditions can be denied coverage. However, with the PPACA, insurance companies will no longer be able to deny coverage or stop coverage when a member becomes ill. Women will also be granted additional coverage, such as receive access to women’s health services, and these new benefits are also required to have no out of pocket fees. Also, the availability of contraception, such as abortion, will be expanded (â€Å"The Patient Protection†). The cost of health care will be greatly reduced by the PPACA, and this will have a chain reaction on big businesses and employees. With almost 95 percent of citizens paying for health insurance, costs for health care will decrease (Poe). Once the cost for health care declines, it will cost less for big businesses to hire employees. It is estimated that 4 million Jobs will be created over the next 10 years. The PPACA also affects the economy in another way; it will reduce the national deficit. Contrary to popular belief, the passing of this law will reduce the national debt by 210 billion ollars within the next decade. If it were repealed, the national debt would be raised by $230 billion (Poe). The PPACA also offers various other benefits to citizens. Catherine Poe states that once the law is passed, there will be † no more Freddie the Freeloaders allowed†; if a citizen can afford health insurance and does not purchase it, he or she will pay a fee of one percent of his or her household income. This fee will increase to 2. 5 percent by 2017. This will prevent citizens from not paying for health insurance and Just continuing to live off of the tax dollars of other citizens who do pay for their health nsurance. Also, the PPACA will protect consumers from the overcharging by health insurance providers. It will torce the providers to spend 80 percent ot their income on rebates or expenses, such as health and marketing expenses (â€Å"Obamacare†). While the PPACA will benefit citizens greatly, it also has its negative side effects. As previously discussed, the PPACA will lower healthcare costs and the national debt, but it will also hurt the economy as well. The cost of drugs is expected to rise due to pharmaceutical companies paying an additional 84. 8 billion dollars over the next decade (â€Å"The Patient Protection†). Taxes will also be raised in order to cover the additional costs brought on by the new program. The additional taxes will be charged to individuals making over $200,000 and couples making over $250,000. Additionally, families will only be able to deduct medical costs that surpass 10 percent of their annual income, compared to the 7. 5 percent that is currently allowed. It was stated earlier in this paper that big businesses would benefit from this law; however, the exact opposite is true for small businesses. Businesses will be forced to provide healthcare for their employees or pay a fine, something they may not be able to fford. This may result in employees’ hours being cut or even the termination of the employee (â€Å"Obamacare†). The PPACA will also have a direct negative impact on the medical field as a whole. By 2025 there is expected to be a shortage of nearly 52,000 physicians. This, coupled with the number of office visits increasing over 100 million times, will put incredible strain on the healthcare system (â€Å"The Patient Protection†). This will cause wait times for medical treatment to be greatly increased. Patients will be more likely to go to the emergency room for minor treatments, such as coughs due to colds, thus causing atients with real emergencies to wait even longer. Also, there will be no competition for patients. This competition is what encourages health care workers to excel in their specialties and to become better. This may even cause fewer people to choose to pursue a career in the medical profession (Ireland). One of the more controversial arguments against universal healthcare is the effect it will have on known religious-based businesses. As stated earlier, with the PPACA businesses will be required to provide health insurance for their employees that would include contraceptive services for women. The result is that religious based businesses, such as Hobby Lobby, which is owned by evangelical Christians, will be forced to essentially pay for their employees to receive contraceptives, something that goes against their religion. If a business decides to follow its religious beliefs and not provide the health insurance it will be issued a fine, thus hurting the business for practicing their religion. This has led the government to define what religion is and what qualifies a business as a religious employer. This aspect of the PPACA goes against the 1st amendment protection of the freedom of religion, herefore making it unconstitutional (â€Å"A Case†). Weighing both sides of the universal healthcare argument, it can be concluded that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is truly more hurtful than it is helpful. It will cost citizens greatly, through increased tax dollars and being forced to pay for their healthcare. Small businesses contribute immensely to the countrys economy, and they will be hurt significantly by this program. Also, the effects it will have on the healthcare system are immeasurable. There is already a considerable shortage of doctors, and this will only increase remarkably once the PPACA takes tect Lack ot competition within the medical protession is something that cannot be overlooked either. How to cite Universal Healthcare: The Pros and Cons, Papers

Supply Chain Planning and Control Zara Case Study Solution Chat Now!

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Planning and Control for Zara. Answer: Introduction Expansion of a business comes with challenges with respect to operating in multiple locations with different socioeconomic variables and keeping track of item in stock, especially those that need replenishing. The challenge is more problematic in retailer stores offering many different products. One of the main challenges a business encounters includes keeping a current and responsive inventory. One of the ways multi-national corporations are tackling this challenge include the use of Information Technology (IT). While many companies have adopted automation in their processes, few have achieved the level of success witnessed in the Zara Company (Ravilochanan and Devi, 2012). The Spanish company was founded in 1975 and is the worlds largest retailer of fashionable clothing and accessories for women, men, and children. The company uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to tag each item. Unlike other companies in the fashion industry that have outsourced a considerable am ount of production and distribution activities, Zara carries out a considerable part of its production and distribution activities, either directly or through subsidiaries. Zara is the main brand in the Inditex group of companies. RFID is a smarter way to keep track of items because it facilitates customization of each stores packing list at the main distribution centre in La Corua. Each product the company offers in its stores must go through the centre for ironing and tagging. The clothes are tagged with an RFID chip that stores information about the garment it is attached to. The chip emits the information when prompted to by a scanner. At checkout, the tagged is removed and can be reused. The technology has enabled Zara to push its fast fashion approach in the design and release of clothing and accessories to new heights. Currently, it takes the company 15 days to design, mass produce, and avail a new item in stores across the globe. The technology also enables the company to keep track of and replenish popular items (Moon, Kim and Ham, 2014). Discussion and Analysis Zaras business including its organizational structure, store layout, product, and raw materials distribution network is built around RFID technology. Supply chain planning and control is of uttermost importance to companies because it has the potential to increase inventory efficiency and reduce the time it takes to replenish stock. The use of RFID technology can help a business inventory records become more accurate and relevant. It improves business processes and eliminates mistakes associated with wrongfully perceiving demand. Zara is pursuing operational efficiency and is a key player in the adoption of IT. Other businesses seek to lower prices periodically to attract customers and eliminate excess inventory (Lee and Myoun, 2014). Zaras goal is to offer the price-sensitive consumer products at a low price while avoiding excess inventory. The company has achieved this by knowing the precise location of each item and producing a small butch of each design. The complexity of operations increases as companies grow in size. Zara is uniquely positioned to implement and benefit from the use of RFID because of its level of vertical integration. Vertical integration refers to the combination of one or more stages of production under one company. Unlike other companies in the industry, Zara owns most of its supply chain. The use of just-in-time manufacturing coupled with RFID tags facilitate a level of flexibility that is redefining how fashion companies operate and has implications in the planning and control of supply chains across all industries (Stevenson, 2015). Whenever an item is bought in any Zara store, the information about the transaction is captured and transmitted to the headquarters. Using the information, headquarters knows precisely what each store needs and items that are popular in a given location. The data captured not only informs supply chain planning and control, but also production (Batenburg and Versendaal, 2007). RFID technology is relatively new and there are a few challenges that are yet to be overcome. The main challenge is the cost of the chips. One of the ways Zara is overcoming this challenge is by reusing the tags by placing them on a security tag that is removed at checkout. This not only address the issue of the high cost associated with procuring the chips, but also the customers concerns of privacy because no product can be tracked beyond the store doors. The cost of RFID chips also increases with the amount of information the chip can hold and whether it is a read only or and read/write chip. Zara uses read/write chips to make it easy to reuse them. To make sure the chip have the least memory capacity as possible to reduce cost, the company makes use of an Electronic Product Code (EPC) network. An EPC network stores all relevant information about an item. The information can be retrieved by scanning the code stored in an RFID chip attached to the product (Kingl, 2010). The informa tion stored in an RFID chip acts as an URL that retrieves information about the product. The information is stored in a data base in another location. The information stored in an RFID chip includes the products serial number. The serial number acts as a key used in retrieving information about the product. This facilitates the tracking of products through the supply chain (Martnez Barreiro, 2008). The level of flexibility of Zara supply chain is best demonstrated in the Kate Effect. The Kate Effect refers to the influence the Duchess of Cambridge has on fashion. The best example of this effect is when she was spotted wearing a Zara blue dress next day after her wedding. At the time all eyes were on her because it was her first day as a member of the loyal family. Once her picture in the Zara blue dress appeared in social media, Zara stores run out of the dress within hours. Although nobody at the company knew the Duchess would wear the companys dress or the effect she would have on the demand of the same, the company was able to redirect production and deliver more of the blue dress to meet the growing demand within a week. This is a new record considering other companies, such as HM take months to respond to a change in demand. The Kate Effect continues to influence the fashion industry and is most evident in the baby attire department (Milligan, 2016). Every time she is phot ographed with her children in some attire, parents rush to the stores to buy similar attires. Zara is positioned to respond to such changes in demand and even in instances where the children are not wearing their products, the company has a team of designer ready to design and produce a similar product within record time (Chopra and Meindl, 2013). Another significant difference that sets the company apart from other players in the fashion industry is the company does not attempt to create fashion trends by marketing products on fashion shows. Zara collects information about what customers prefer and respond to changes in demand in its products. The company has employed more than 300 designers in a facility referred to as the Cube in La corua. The designers develop an average of 30,000 designs every year. Other popular fashion companies, such as HM, design between two and four thousand items each year (Jones and Ranchhod, 2007). Unlike other fashion companies that have star designers who collaborate with celebrities to come up with fashion trends, Zara designers are divided into teams and each is an equal participant in the development of a new design. The income of designers in the company is predominately based on commissions; therefore, members of a team readily cooperate with each other because their income is dependent on the success of the team. The company also regularly shuffle the team members to stimulate new ideas (Lopez and Fan, 2009). The fashion industry is fast paced; products go out of fashion as soon as they become available. The time it takes from a product to reach the market is critical to the success of the product. For example, the popular structure of big companies in the modern global economy comprise of a parent company that perhaps only engage in developing new designs. Other activities, such as mass production, shipping, warehousing, marketing, and retail are outsourced to other companies (Bozarth and Handfield, 2016). Zara carries out a majority of the activities from design until the products reach the customer and outsource to local cooperatives limited activities, such as sewing. The company has been working the local cooperatives for so long; they do not operate with a written contract. Zara employs a forward looking strategy in its planning and control of its supply chain. The company collects information about customer preferences and anticipates changes in demand beforehand (Dong, 2012). This enables the company to deliver more of what customers in a certain location are asking for. For example, if the company is offering a V-neck sweater and customers keep asking whether there is a round-neck sweater, the company can have the sweater resigned into a round-neck and delivered to the store within 10 days (Ye and Schmidt, 2013). Customers who visit a Zara store do so more than 17 times each year. In a typical store belonging to the company, more than 75% of the products change every three to four weeks (Tokatli, 2007). At one end of the supply chain, the company leverages IT to collect information about customer preferences and determine what the next deliver will comprise of. The main tool at the disposal of store staff and managers is the PDA (Digital Assistant) device. While RFID scanners are used to scan items to take stock, determine a delivery, or register a sale, PDA are used to collect customer opinions and search for items in stores and online (Mo, 2015). For example, if a customer like a certain shirt and prefer a colour that the employee cannot locate, he or she can use a PDA to scan products barcode and search for similar items of different colour either online or in other stores in the vicinity. When a customer is trying on garments, en employee can ask questions, such as would you like the slee ves longer or shorter? The employee enters the information in the PDA and the information is used in packing garments in the category for the particular store (Psychogios, Wilkinson and Szamosi, 2009). Different Zara stores have different products depending on the preferences of the customers who frequent the stores. The company was one of the fast to adopt technology include the use of PDAs in its supply chain, which has enabled it to become a leader in fast fashion. Fast fashion refers to the transfer of design concepts from the runway and design table to the stores. Zara takes an average of three weeks to design and release a new product into the market (Vanitha, 2012). 72% of the companys items are produced in Europe. All garments go through the main distribution centre and enter the centre through a rail system that is more than 124 miles long. Success in the fast fashion sector is dependent on the continuous flow of information from customers to designers. Store managers and employees communicate consumer preferences using PDAs to market specialist at the headquarters. Managers also make calls to their assigned market specialists every week to update them on their personal ob servation about the demand of different products on the ground (Rees and Park, 2013). Zaras vertical integration, the use of IT, and the structuring of the companys management around technology have minimized bureaucracy between different departments and levels of management, which makes communication timely and efficient. Every aspect of the company, including its stores layout, performance measures, and operation procedures are optimized to make communication easier. The structural design of the company ensures decisions are made easily and at respective levels (Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston, 2013). IT plays a paramount role in the structure and is the core of the entire system. The head of the business is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The CEO is in charge of the headquarters who are responsible for ensure smooth operations and running of the brand. The Headquarters comprise of Human Resource (HR), IT, transportation, and real estate. In each headquarter, there are commercials. Commercials are organised into teams and their main role is to collect and analy sis information from stores in a given region. The store number per team is limited to 40 maximum (Guercini, 2012). Another individual who plays an important role in stores but is located at the headquarters is the HR director. The Hr director is responsible for handling non-operational issues in stores. The HR director is responsible for up to 15 stores and work hand-in-hand with a regional manager; who is responsible for evaluating individual store performance. The regional managers also play an important role in the companys presence in the social media and are expected to be proactive in social issues. Each Zara store has three product lines. There is a manager who is responsible for each line in each individual store. The lines are based on the type of clothing; therefore. They include men, women, and children clothing. The manager who is the head of the womens line is also the head of the store. The main feature that makes managers in the company standout is the level of auton omy they are allowed to exercise (Psychogios, Wilkinson and Szamosi, 2009). The managers reserve the right to decide what the store places in display and how much of an item is on display on the shelves. In many cases, store managers are local people with an intimate knowledge about the local culture and consumer behaviour. Zaras supply chain model is guided by seven principles and they play an important role in the daily operations of the company. The main principle that set the company apart from others in the fashion industry is producing items in small lots. Releasing items in small lots stimulates exclusivity and keeps customers keeping back to the stores because there are new items on display every other week. The customers are also enticed to visit frequently because items run out of store within a short period (Bonnin, 2002). Unlike other company in the industry, Zara has a centralised production and distribution system. In many companies, designs are developed in one location and transferred to cheap labour locations like Asia and South America. The approach increase the time it takes to produce a new design and increase the response time to a change in demand. It also increases the time it takes for finished products to reach the market and makes it difficult to control quality (Mo, 2015). Eac h product produced by the company is assigned a team from each department to ensure production, distribution, and marketing runs smoothly. The approach facilitates allocation of resources and streamlining of operations to ensure items that are high in demand are produced in sufficient quantities and reach the market in a timely fashion (Lloyd and Luk, 2010). The company strictly adhere to schedules. Each line manager in a store can place orders only twice, each week. The distribution centre prepares and delivers orders within 24 hours to stores in the European region. Stores in far locations receive orders within two days of placing an order. Store managers are responsible for ensuring new arrivals are on display the very day they arrive. The steady operation in the entire chain ensures waiting time in each stage is minimal and the company is flexible. The production of items in house means the company can make decisions in real-time (Vanitha, 2012). Managers can make decisions based on demand on the ground and communicate the same to headquarters, who can change production to ensure it is in line with demand. Another important principle that is important to the success of the company is automation. Zaras main competitive advantage is short response time and flexibility. Automating processes ensure the company has a high level of flexibi lity and precision. This means the company can produces high quality items and can change production to fit demand within a short period. The final and most important principle is ensuring the company and every individual in the company adhere to all the principles at each level. Failing to adhere to any of the principles at any level of the company makes the entire system ineffective (Willems et al., 2012). Therefore, Zaras employees are familiar with these principles and adhere to them when carrying out their duties in the company. Recommendations Zara is one of the few companies that has gone again the common trend in an industry and has set a new trend. The companys location in Spain is both an advantage and a disadvantage. The company cannot relocate because of the level of expertise that has developed over time in the area because of its presence. However, the cost of labour in the country is significantly high and consumes a considerable part of the companys revenue (Bonnin, 2002). The company should open new distribution centres in emerging markets, such as China and South America where the populations purchasing power is growing. An increase in income level and living standards increase the demand for exclusive and designer wear. Chinas population is more than one billion people, which make the market more significant that the European market. The cost of labour in the country is also cheap; therefore, the company can offer competitive prices and increase market penetration (Fiske, 2007). A distribution centre in South America will also be positioned to serve the North American market, which forms a significant part of the companys market. Conclusion Zara is a leader in supply chain planning and control because of the level of IT integration in the companys operations. Managers and employees use PDAs and Point of Sale system to collect information about the consumer taste and preferences. The information facilitates production and distribution planning. IT facilitates the tracking of individual items across the supply chain. The high level of vertical integration and the use of just-in-time production facilitate the design, mass production, and distribution of items with 15 weeks. Producing items in limited quantities increases the number of times customers visit Zara stores and the likelihood of them purchasing an item because it is only available in limited quantities and for a limited period. Store managers have the autonomy to decide what consumers like and what to display in stores; therefore, consumers are likely to visit different Zara stores because they stock different products. The approach also enables Zara to spend al most zero on advertising and fashion shows. The company also makes targeted investments in IT, which increases the benefits it reaps from its investment and the efficiency of the system. The Management in Zara considers IT as a System, instead of a network of software and hardware. Therefore, the company includes people and procedures in the design of its IT system. References List Batenburg, R. and Versendaal, J. (2007). Business/IT-alignment for customer relationship management: framework and case studies.IJECRM, 1(3), p.258. 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