Roots Of Us Prisons - 843 Words

Roots of US Jails The European jailing system was the method used by early English settlers for America; at the time the colonists first arrived in this country, all the knowledge they had come from England, France, and Holland, so it only made sense to develop a justice system that they were familiar with and then change it along the way. The earliest concept of common law included a set of rules that were designed to help with problem solving throughout society; these ideas were drawn upon in making decisions that were made by judges from the past. The colonists would eventually develop their own system of criminal justice; these practices are what helped develop the system that America currently uses today (Social Welfare History Project, 2012). Initial Forms of Punishment Public shaming, among other punishment options that existed during these times, was one of the most heavily relied upon punishments used. In using this approach, law enforcers hoped to teach a lesson to the offender and also reduce the likeliness of that person committing the same crime. Other very common forms of punishment included the following: placing people in the pillory, cutting off ears, whipping, and branding; the more severe and violent crimes such as rape and murder were punished through some type of execution ending the criminal’s life in death (Social Welfare History Project, 2012). With repeated offenses came into question how those individuals should be punished; in cases such as this,Show MoreRelatedBlacks, Prison, and Institutional Racism1445 Words   |  6 PagesBlacks, Prison, And Institutional Racism Description: The title pretty much says it all in this one. This paper addresses the issue of blacks in prison and explores the socio-economic causes and solutions. This paper uses many govermentally commissioned reports. Blacks, Prison, and Institutional Racism Introduction Criminal justice and security is one of the largest industries in the United States. Such a statistic is (and rightly so) of great concern to Afro-Americans because a disproportionateRead MoreEssay about Felon Disenfranchisement1043 Words   |  5 PagesThe root of Felon Disenfranchisement can be traced back to Greek and Roman laws. Where any person convicted of an infamous crime would lose his or her right to participate in polis. In Rome they would lose their right to participate in suffrage and to serve in the Roman legions. With the founding of the United States of America, the US Constitution gave the right to establish voting laws to the states. From 1776 - 1821 eleven states included felony disenfranchisement in their laws (Voter RegistrationRead MoreWhat Can We Learn from the Stanford Prison Experiment?935 Words   |  4 Pageslearn from the Stanford Prison Experiment? There is no doubt that the study conducted by Dr Philip Zimbardo in 1971 at Stanford University was extremely valuable to not only the Psychology profession, but also to all social science fields. He tested and selected participates to recreate a prison environment separating one group into two, guards and prisoners, and the results were truly ground breaking. A lot of significant information was gathered and the results help us understand psychologicalRead MoreReview of Convicted Survivors by Elizabeth Leonard Essay example996 Words   |  4 Pagesis explains to us what types of abuse it is that leads women to take these measures. It says that there are many different labels on types of abuse within a family (or relationship) but no matter how many neutral terms you throw around, it is still true that the most common form of abuse, the abuse that happens more than any other form, is the abuse that women experience from their male partners. This is (in my opinion) the most important point in the entire book. It is the root of everything inRead MoreHow Mass Incarceration Has Become The New Form Of Jim Crow And Slavery Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagessystems called â€Å"Black Code†, which was injustice and was easily violated because blacks could not find jobs. This turned blacks into criminals because they went to jail or work with out pay for violating such code. This is the term that money is the root of all evil comes to play, because the south needed to rebuild itself. The American Classic â€Å"Birth of a Nation†, was highly popula upon it realease because it helped delete the failure of the war. This movie also erased the â€Å"good† black stereotypesRead MoreEmerson Conformity839 Words   |  4 Pagesbreak free from their â€Å"prison uniforms.† Emerson sees conformity as an obstruction of truly original thoughts and beliefs. He states that once we are born â€Å"Nature is not slow to equip us in in the prison-uniform of the party to which we adhere. We come to wear one cut of face and figure, and acquire by degrees the gentlest asinine expression.† (Emerson 6) In Emerson’s eyes conformity is a grueling kafkaesque process that individuals quietly choose to follow. This facade is a â€Å"prison uniform† in Emerson’sRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justi ce System1709 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. What are some of the racial disparities among African Americans in the Criminal Justice system today? The criminal justice system has been around for decades supporting and facilitating the cities of crime. So why is it that most of our prisons and jails hold a substantial amount of people of color? People of color have come a long way from slavery by becoming their own storeowners, buying their own homes, and even attending schools with other people of race. African American’s struggleRead MoreIllegal Drugs And The United States1629 Words   |  7 PagesWhy are there so many whites using illicit drugs but blacks make up majority of the population for drug abuse in prisons of the U.S.? It is a known fact in America that powder and crack cocaine are the same thing but are unequal in sentencing. Living in low income communities, that are majority of color have a greater chance of using crack cocaine oppose to whites using powder coc aine. The sentencing of the two is very extreme and blacks are the people suffering for serving a longer time period thanRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X532 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Dictionary When those of us are asked to think of the legacy of a man, who confronted the issues at hand and pointed the fingers at the root and the existence of the problem, we think of Malcolm X. You begin to think of the powerful speeches and the passionate remarks made about the pressing issues that were at hand and you begin toRead MoreThe Basic For Correctional Rehabilitation Facilities931 Words   |  4 Pagesthis does not always work. Many people feel that the reason that the prison system is failing because of the luxury of prisons, TV, internet, free food and a place to live. This is more than some people would get if they were not in the prison system and this is why many do not care if they go back. Today many prisons are a revolving door. It is not hard to believe that out of 10 inmates that are release 6 will return to the prison system within the first three years of their release. In hope of a

Effects of Having Ofw Parents - 3287 Words

Topic: Effects of Having an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) Parent on the Academic Performance of Tertiary School Students from First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities (FAITH), First Semester AY 2011-2012 I. Target Readers: Students who have an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) parent II. Research Objectives: After reading this research paper, FAITH tertiary students should be able to: 1. Cite the advantages of having an OFW parent in terms of the following aspects: a. Financial b. Behavioral c. Academic 2. Cite the disadvantages of having an OFW parent in terms of the following aspects: a. Financial b. Behavioral c. Academic 3. Determine if there is a relationship between having an OFW parent and†¦show more content†¦Another setback on the effect of the OFW phenomena is when absent parenting is being replaced by material wealth and gadgets (e.g., cell phone, laptop, iPod, PSP, XBOX, Wii, etc.) to affirm the affection of absent parent, this could result in material expectation rather than affection (Reyes, Melanie, 2003: Migration and Filipino Children Left Behind). Based on several studies done by government and non-government organizations, about nine (9) million Filipino children under the age of 18 are left behind by one or both parents to work attentively or live permanently abroad (Hugo, Graeme, 2005). However, the major reason for working abroad among OFW’s is to send their children to good, preferably exclusive schools from primary up to college because they acknowledge that the best thing they can give their children is the right for education. Therefore more OFW children are enrolled in private schools and are more likely to participate in extra-curricular activities and gain exposure. These do not only broaden their learning, but also make them gain overall academic performance compared to students with strict budget. This research study aims to seek if the students demand more time from their parents as for material satisfaction and for parental attention leading to good academic performance. A huge percentage of the parent’s remittances go to tuition fees of their children, allowing them to enroll in private school offering quality education. Being a student withShow MoreRelatedEffects of Having an Ofw Parents1766 Words   |  8 Pagesrespondents regarding on the effects of having an OFW parents. Table 1 shows that 35% are mother, 40% are father and 25% of the respondents are both parents are working abroad. This means that more father works abroad than mother and only few of the parents both work abroad. Mostly, the father is the one working for the family to sustain mainly the financial needs of the family but due to the absence of father (single-mom), they have to work hard for their children. Table 1 Parent/s who work abroad    |Read MoreChapter 11655 Words   |  7 Pageschild in school regarding the working of their parents overseas. Nowadays, as life becomes uneasy to other families here in the Philippines, parents tend to work overseas to offer a convenient living to their children. As a result, it leads to several effects on the emotional and mental aspects of a child. This study is concerned with regards to the upbringing of children by their parents. A child s greatest need is quality time with their parents. Finding time to spend together as a family canRead MoreParents Working Abroad and They Effects on Their Children3858 Words   |  16 Pagesfathers or mothers, who tend to come home only once in every two to three years. The situation is far from normal and is more-likely to cause a huge impact on the mental and emotional well-being of the children. The increasing amount of absentee parents becomes more alarming because without them, discipline is not enforced at home. Fortunately, according to surveys, more Filipino children have been able to cope up with the absence of their fathers, primarily because of the immeasurable love and devotionRead MoreAcademic Performance of Students with Absentee Parents1878 Words   |  8 PagesAcademic Performance of Students with Absentee Parents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This study is made to understand the performance, specifically the academic performance, of students without the guidance of their parents or having absentee parents. In studying, parents are important to help guide, teach and lead their children because a child need supports from their loved ones and also discipline to be motivated. It is a parent’s responsibility to take care of their children, it is hard for aRead MoreOfw Remittances- an Economic Booster10937 Words   |  44 PagesOFW remittances - an economic booster By definition, remittances are the transfer of money by migrant workers back to their family and friends staying in another country. Remittances facilitate economic growth all across the World. The World stands as a globalised village. Many people go aboard for better education or for a better lifestyle. Through Remittance they do not need to worry about their loved ones at home anymore. Remittance transfers have existed for centuries, but have only garneredRead MoreOut of School Youth2071 Words   |  9 PagesCarbillon, April Ann T. Technical Writing and Scientific Reporting Course/Year/Section: BSE II – English Time Schedule: TTH – 2:00 – 3:30 Title: Out of School Youth in the Philippines ABSTRACT This study shows the reasons and effects why there are out of school youth. It also indicates the children’s rights are deprive form the privileges to have a free education of the government. The researcher included also the statistical analysis of the population of the young people whoRead MoreMigration, Remittances, Inequality and Poverty the Philippines10368 Words   |  42 PagesAbstract Migration, Remittances, Poverty and Inequality The Philippines By Ernesto M. Pernia The paper looks into the effects of international migration and remittances on household incomes and well-being, poverty reduction, human capital investment, saving, and regional development in the home country. Remittances appear to raise average incomes for all income groups but more so for the richer households than for the poorer ones, a finding that is consistent with that in several Latin AmericanRead MoreCorrelation of Study Habits and Academic Performance in Physics of Fourth Year Students in Saint Annes Catholic School in Hagonoy, Bulacan9820 Words   |  40 Pagesthe objectives of education is the clause â€Å"the need to help the individual to develop his/her full potentials†. This cannot be achieved without a proper planning to make students develop positive attitudes towards learning, one of the reasons for having a good study programme in the school environment. Therefore, learning is a change in behaviour. Such a change is seen in their mental reasoning, physical growth, manipulative skills and development of values and interests. The change may be easy orRead MoreSyphilis and Health Care3589 Words   |  15 PagesThe Study of Syphilis, It’s Cause and Effect (A Library Research) I. Introduction Men and women of this generation are more prone of having sexually transmitted diseases. It is now one of the major problems in the field of medicine and health. STD is very broad and has many aspects just like cancer. There are also different types of this disease, one of these is syphilis. Syphilis has been known to cause devastating epidemics. It killed a lot men and children way back when the cure of this isRead MoreOverpopulation in the Philippines4001 Words   |  17 Pagesaccess to appropriate health care services of sexual, reproductive medicine and implementation of health education programs to stress the importance of women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth could provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. On the other hand individuals do face inequalities in reproductive health services. Inequalities vary based on socioeconomic status, education level, age, ethnicity, religion, and resources available in their environment. It is possible

Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. Answer: Introduction: As stated by McClinton et al. (2016) Plantar Flexion is the movement occurring in the feet wherein the ankle is found to be bent. The movement points the foot downwards away from the leg, or the toes curl them towards the sole. Calf and ankle muscles can achieve relaxation with the help of plantar flexion in order to function in an appropriate manner. The expression Plantar Flexion is commonly referred to for describing the toe movement in which the direction of the toe is downward due to straightening or extension of the ankle. The plantar flexor muscles are peroneus brevis, gastrocnemius, flexor digitorumlongus, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucislongus and peroneus longus. These muscles take part in plantar flexion. According to Golan et al. (2016), plantar flexion is simply the movement of the foot away from the individuals body. It solely depends on the calf and ankle to have normal functioning. The muscles taking part in the plantar flexion are those that are present in the posterior part of the leg. The flexor hallucis longus, the tibialis posterior, and the flexor digitorum longus are the three muscles that are mainly involved in the plantar flexion. The slues, the plantarris, and the gastrocnemius, are the other muscles that termed as superficial posterior compartment muscles. These three muscles are also involved in the process of plantar flexion. As opined by Suzuli et al. (2016) the changes that occur when a patient is asked to plantar flex a foot engages the muscles into a movement. It involves how each muscle works jointly with each other for making the foot have a movement. The action exhibited by the muscle cause the primary movements occurring at the time of muscle contraction. Loss of muscle force can be said to be the most significant result of the immobilisation. Indeed, the loss of force is a time-dependent process, much like the loss of muscle mass. However, it has been seen that the reduction in force is not exactly proportional to the loss that muscle mass suffers. The reason is that the neural input and metabolic energy has a key role in the determination of the ultimate output of force. McNair et al. (2013) highlight that when an individual raises the heel, he can feel the muscle fibers of gastrocnemius to be undergoing contraction. The soleus can be felt to have undergone contraction when the knee is flexed to the fullest and the foot undergoes plantar flexion. However, in this case, the gastrocnemius is fund to be under the relaxed state. This is due to the fact that the lower (calcaneal) and the upper (femoral) attachment of the gastrocnemius are in proximity, thereby making the muscle shorter and preventing them from undergoing contraction. Dalton et al. (2014) state that in individuals having no injury, the highest loss is of 50% strength after the knee is immobilised. The plantar flexors suffer 20% reduction. This is the indication that no substantial relationship is present between the loss of strength and the location and size of the muscles. References Dalton, B.H., Allen, M.D., Power, G.A., Vandervoort, A.A. and Rice, C.L., 2014. The effect of knee joint angle on plantar flexor power in young and old men.Experimental gerontology,52, pp.70-76. Golan, P., Vega, J., de Leeuw, P.A., Malagelada, F., Manzanares, M.C., Gtzens, V. and van Dijk, C.N., 2016. Anatomy of the ankle ligaments: a pictorial essay.Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy,24(4), pp.944-956. McClinton, S., Collazo, C., Vincent, E. and Vardaxis, V., 2016. Impaired Foot Plantar Flexor Muscle Performance in Individuals With Plantar Heel Pain and Association With Foot Orthosis Use.Journal of orthopaedic sports physical therapy,46(8), pp.681-688. McNair, P., Nordez, A., Olds, M., Young, S.W. and Cornu, C., 2013. Biomechanical properties of the plantar flexor muscletendon complex 6 months post?rupture of the achilles tendon.Journal of Orthopaedic Research,31(9), pp.1469-1474. Suzuki, T., Shioda, K., Kinugasa, R. and Fukashiro, S., 2016. Simultaneous Knee Extensor Muscle Action Induces An Increase In Voluntary Force Generation Of Plantar Flexor Muscles.Journal of strength and conditioning research/National Strength Conditioning Association.

The readers sympathies for the monster Essay Example

The readers sympathies for the monster Paper I am an unfortunate and deserted create; I look around and I have no relation or friend upon earth. These amiable people to whom I go have never seen me and know little of me. I am full of fears, for if I fail there, I am an outcast in the world forever. This shows the understanding from the Monster, De Lacey responds with sympathy and comforts the monster as he un-prejudice due to his loss of sight. They are kind they are the most excellent creatures in the world; but, unfortunately, they are prejudiced against me. I have good dispositions; my life has been hitherto harmless and in some degree beneficial; but a fatal prejudice clouds their eyes, and where they ought to see a feeling and kind friend, they behold only a detestable monster Here the monster describes the De Lacey family, although his companion does not know that it is his family. Sympathy is created as the Monster expresses his love towards people whom he has never met, and talks about the kind deeds which he has indeed done for the De Lacey family with no acknowledgement. We will write a custom essay sample on The readers sympathies for the monster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The readers sympathies for the monster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The readers sympathies for the monster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The man asks for the name of the traveller and he decides to uncover his identity, You and your family are the friends whom I seek. Do not you desert me in the hour of trial. At this time the De Lacey family arrive in which they presume the Monster is attacking the old man and with a supernatural force tore him from his father, and struck him violently with a stick. The Monster describes the feeling of despair he has at the moment although does not endeavour to gain over their love, nor does he use his abnormal powers and capability to murder. I could have torn him limb from limb, as the lion rends the antelope. But my heart sank within me as with bitter sickness, and I refrained. The Monster gains sympathy as the reader realises of his capability of destruction although he chooses not to, as the reader also knows that the Monster has been aiding the family with wood and receives a terrific violent response when he attempts to make an acquaintance with them. After the rejection from the De Lacey family the Creature expresses his feelings to the reader and describes the despair he is feeling, he also comments that the mildness of his nature has fled, and all within him was turned to gall and bitterness. This comment suggests that The Monster turns violent because of the actions of human beings and the rejection from society. Whilst he is still feeling deep remorse from the actions of the De Lacey family he witnesses a girl who falls into a rapid stream, on seeing this The Creature saved her and dragged her to shore. Another human approached and presuming the Monster was the reasoning for the childs unconsciousness, he tore the girl from his arms and when the Monster drew near, aimed a gun and fired at the Creatures body. This shows that even though the Monster was still recovering from the effect of the De Laceys he helped a human being, although he still received the treatment which he had already encountered. This was then the reward of my benevolence! I had saved a human being from destruction, and as recompense I now writhed under the miserable pain of a wound which shattered the flesh and bone. The feelings of kindness and gentleness which I had entertained but a few moments before gave to hellish rage and gnashing of teeth. Inflamed by pain, I vowed hatred and vengeance on all mankind. The reaction of the human being creates feelings of sympathy towards the Monster and by vowing hatred and vengeance on all mankind it proves that the actions of human beings have pressurised the Monster to become violent, and use his capability of destruction. A few moments from re-covering from the wound which he received and vowing hatred on mankind he glimpses a young child. The Creature concludes that the child is too young to be prejudice so wishes to educate him as his companion and friend. He attempts to seize the young boy before the child begins struggling and says Let me go, monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me and tear me to pieces. You are an ogre. Let me go, or I will tell my papa. Yet again the Monster is faced with rejection although he at first reacts calmly, but after the child proclaims that his father is Frankenstein he shows a different personality and turns violent. The child also uses the words Ugly wretch and Monster which the creator, Frankenstein, also used to describe the Monster; this also could also have added a negative effect on the Monster. Frankenstein you belong then to my enemy to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim. This provokes the thought that the Monster knew he was going to act violently and have a first victim. It can be argued that this does not create feelings of sympathy towards the monster and in some cases, could withdraw them; although the impact of human kind is what led the Monster to his feelings and actions of violence and anger. The Creature could be compared to other characters from the novel. There are several characters which have had a deficient upbringing, and could be said to be similar to Frankensteins creation. Other characters have had a cherished and loved up-bringing which contrast with the Monster, such as Frankenstein this could also have provoked such a negative dislike and hatred between the two characters. Frankensteins mother, Caroline, was a beggar and orphan, forced into the life of poverty after her father died in her arms. Overall Mary Shelley is an extremely innovative writer; she created the characters as sometimes contrasting and sometimes comparable. She employs our sympathies for Frankensteins creation frequently through his actions and thoughts as well as the reactions of the human beings which he encounters. The Monster receives a general rejection from society due to his appearance. He is commonly misjudged and regarded as an evil wretch; simply because of his appearance also when there is a un-prejudice viewing of him he is given sympathy by another human being. He could be considered as a Romantic Hero because of his rejection from society and his un-cherished up bringing; the novel Frankenstein was also writing in the Romantic era. http://www. bookrags. com/notes/frk/CHR. html http://www. bookrags. com/notes/frk/PART12. html http://www. bookrags. com/notes/frk/SUM. html I began to distinguish my sensations supplied me with drink and the trees that shades me with their foliage We begin to feel sympathetic towards the monster in these few early chapters due to his lonely childhood, where he must learn about each sense which sometimes result in him being hurt, for example (QUOTE HEREEEEEEE ABOUT SOMETHING TO DO WITH FIREEE OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. ) Notes Social context? Frankenstein by Mary Shelley was written at a time of rapid change throughout the world. At the end of the 18th century, the French Revolution was taking place. Meanwhile, the Declaration of Independence was passed in the United States. Also, there were scientific breakthroughs including Dr James Linds experiments using electricity to animate dead frogs. This was the inspiration for Mary Shelley to write a fantasy novel about a doctor who creates a monster from dead body parts. As a result of some of the scientific developments, attitudes were changing towards Lind and others, and Shelley took advantage of these changing attitudes to get them to sympathise with the two main characters from her novel, Frankenstein, namely Victor and his creation. At certain points within the novel, the reader is encouraged to sympathise more with Victor, and at others, the reader may be more sympathetic towards the Monster. Sympathy is created by the author both by making the readers pity the monsters loathsome existence and by leading them to understand his violent and cruel actions. We pity the creature because of the way he is treated by mankind and we can identify with his feelings and reactions and understand why he behaves as he does. Shelley uses different narrators throughout the novel and the reader sympathises with the views of these people to differing degrees. The language used when describing the physical appearance of the monster and his feelings is very strong and evocative. The settings and motifs with which the monster is associated are very dramatic and add to our sympathy for his lonely existence. Read more: http://www. coursework. info/GCSE/English_Literature/Prose_Fiction/By_Author/Mary_Shelley/How_does_Mary_Shelley_create_sympathy_fo_L47691. html#ixzz0nuMFqy4L Created by Victor Frankenstein in Ingolstadt, the monster is a conglomeration of human parts with inhuman strength. He is so hideous that Victor, his own creator, cannot stand to look upon him. He is loving and gentle at the beginning of his life, childlike in his curiosity and experiences, but after several harsh encounters with humans, he becomes bitter. He seeks revenge on his creator for making him so hideous and rendering him permanently lonely because of his ugliness. He offers Frankenstein peace in exchange for a companion of like origin, but when Frankenstein does not comply, he vows to destroy him and begins killing off Frankensteins friends and family those figures he most envies because he does not have them. After finding Frankenstein dead aboard Waltons ship, the monster goes further north with plans to destroy himself and end the suffering that Frankenstein began when he created him. \ Victor Frankensteins original reasons for creating life from dead parts are noble. His driving force is the desire to help mankind conquer death and diseases. But when he finally reaches the goal of his efforts and sees his creature and its ugliness, he turns away from it and flees the monstrosity he has created. From that moment on he tries to suppress the consequences of his experiments and wants to escape them by working in other sciences. Victor even withdraws from his friends and psychological changes are visible. Mary Shelley seems not to condemn the act of creation but rather Frankensteins lack of willingness to accept the responsibility for his deeds. His creation only becomes a monster at the moment his creator deserts it (1). Thus Frankenstein warns of the careless use of science the book was written at an early stage of the Industrial Revolution, a period of dramatic scientific and technological advance. This is still an important issue, even 200 years after the book was written. Taken into consideration what many inventions of the last 50 years brought upon mankind, one must assume that many scientists still do not care much. (E. g. the splitting of the atom was turned into nuclear bombs and the invention of the computer resulted in an eerie dehumanisation of our society). Most scientists seem to be like Victor Frankenstein, who finished his work in the prospect of achieving fame. Only when he realizes the repulsiveness of his creation, Victor comes to senses. Intended as a warning, Victor tells his story to the polar explorer Walton: Social Historical and Cultural Context what kind of things were happened at the time, social, historical, science cultural events that you can include. The romantic movement, one area the idea that people are interested in learning for themselves. People became interested in how they could restore the dead to life, historical events and scientific movements. Galvani electricity, the frogs experiment. Dont write a whole paragraph, include in various different things. Frankenstein is obsessed with creating life this reflects historical events at the time such as Galvani who experimented on electricity with frogs. Language extract quotations and talk about language, suggested areas description, shelleys use of description, gothic imagery, gothic style, when he speaks to his creator for the first time the religious imagery and I ought to be thou adam but I am sumit angel look at the differences with the monsters childhood description, nature and nurture, innocence compared to frankensteins demons, wretch, devil. Emotional language, referring to language in order to achieve top grades. http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/english_literature/prosefrankenstein/2prose_frankenstein_charrev2. shtml http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Frankenstein Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The Secret Garden essays

The Secret Garden essays The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett takes place in a dreary Misselthwaite manor in England during the Victorian era. The protagonist is Mary Lennox a selfish and spoilt 11 year old. The other major characters are Master Colin Craven her sickly cousin, Dickon Sowerby the animal charmer, Master Archibald Craven her reclusive uncle, Martha Sowerby a hearty housekeeper, a dour gardener, a cheerful robin and the secret garden. The tone is melodramatic and is told in the third person omniscient. The message about life to be learned from the story is that its never too late to change, no matter how terrible, you can make the best of things. Face the problems instead of cowering from them because if your dont theyll never go away. Have a positive attitude, live life and share it with the people around. Alienating yourself is not the solution. Mary, Colin and Archibald Craven are examples of this. Mary didnt care for anything, she was so spoilt that nothing and no one meant anything to he; she was so used to everybody hating her. Colin is also spoilt and filled with ideas that hes going to die. Archibald is the coward that cant face reality or the hope for a better tomorrow. The one thing they all have in common is negatively, you get the sense that they would rather be dead and in reality its like they are because they dont care about anything. Mary is tossed around like a rag doll nobody wants; Colin is expecting to die and Master Craven runs from the possibilities of getting to know his son. In The Secret Garden there is person vs. society and person vs. her/himself. In person vs. society Mary is unloved by her parents and by most of those who she encounters. Her parents ignore her existence and leave her to the care of a hateful ayah. After her parents die she moves to live with her uncle and is greeted by Mrs. Medlock who finds her a d ...

How to Start a Club in High School 8-Step Guide

How to Start a Club in High School 8-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you want tostart a club at your high school?If your school doesn’t offer a particular club or group that you’re interested in, starting your own is a great way to meet new people and spend time doing something you enjoy. You'll also get leadership experience that can help strengthen your resume and college applications. Read on to get step-by-step instructions on how to start a high schoolclub. Overview of High School Clubs Before you start your own club, you want to make sure that you understand how high school clubs are run and why they're important. Clubs are a great way for students to participate in activities they enjoy, learn new skills, and meet new people.High school clubs can cover a wide variety of topics, from math to skiing to protecting the environment and more. Club meetings are usually held after school. Some clubs meet regularly and require a large time commitment while others meet once a month or less.Each club usually has a teacher or staff member who acts as supervisor. Students can also hold leadership positions in the club, such as president, vice-president, and secretary. Many students enjoy being in clubs because theygive them an opportunity to spend time with their friends and doactivitiesthey find fun and interesting.Colleges and employers also like to see students who have participated in extracurriculars such as clubs because it helps them understand a student’s interests better and shows that the student likes being involved and working with other people. Many high schools offer a wide variety of clubs for students; however, it would be impossible for a high school to offer every single type of club. Why WouldYou Start a New Club? There are multiple reasons why you’d want to start a new club at your school. Some of the most common are listed below: You Want to Pursue a Hobby You Enjoy One of the best and most common reasons for starting or joining a club is because it allows you to pursue an activity you enjoy, whether that’s Ultimate Frisbee, baking, or something else. Clubs allow you to practice this hobby, learn more, and get better at it. If your school doesn’t offer a club for the activity or interest you want, then starting your own club will allow you to continue to enjoy this hobby. You Want to Raise Awareness About a Cause You Care About If there is a particular issue that you feel strongly about, such as promoting recycling or providing school supplies to students in Africa, you can have an impact by creating a club that focuses on that issue. By starting a club, you can increase awareness of a particular problem, collect money or supplies to donate, and possibly spend time volunteering to help improve the issue. You Want to MeetPeople With Similar Interests Joining a club can be a great way to meet other students with similar hobbies and interests. You get to enjoy your interest with other people and can learn more about it by working with them. You Want to Gain Leadership Experience An excellent way to get leadership experience is by starting a new club. You will learn how to create a new organization, recruit members, and get it running smoothly. Colleges love seeing examples of leadership, and being the founder of a club is a great way to show that you know how to take charge and handle responsibility. How to Start a Club in High School Now that you know all about high school clubs and why you'd want to start your own, let's get started! Follow the steps below to start a club that is interesting, well-run, and will last a long time. Step 1: Brainstorm Ideas Your first step is deciding what you want your club to focus on. You may already know, but if you don’t, think about your interests and activitiesyou enjoydoing. Chances are you can develop a club around each of them! For example, if you enjoy skiing and wish you had more opportunities to ski, you could start a ski club at your school. If you need more ideas for potential clubs, we have a complete list of extracurricular activities, with dozensof high school club ideas. Once you have your idea, check to make sure your school doesn’t already have a similar club. You can do this by looking at your school’s student handbook or asking your academic adviseror someone at the school office. Step 2: Define the Club's Purpose and Goals Once you know what you want your club to be about, it’s time to get more specific.Figure out what the purpose of the club is, what activities you want members to take part in, and what goals you have for the club. For example, if you're starting thatski club, will the purpose of the club be organizing ski trips? Teaching members the basics of skiing? Discussing skiing gear? A combination of all three? Will meetings just be for organizing trip logistics, or will you also include lectures from ski experts or show videos of ski trips? What do you need to accomplish for the club to be considered successful? Three ski trips a year? Ten members taught the basics of skiing? By figuring this out now, you will be able to provide a clearer and more complete vision of your club when you present the idea to the school and potential members. Other questions to think about: Why do you want to start this club? What is the purpose of the club? What will club members do during meetings? How often will the club meet? Where will the club meet? What are the goals of this club? Do potential members need to try out for the club, or will anyone be allowed to join? Step 3: Register Your Club With the School Most high schools require clubs to go through a process to become school-approved. This may be as simple as filling out a form, or it may require discussing the club with teachers or school staff. Without school approval, you likely won’t be able to have club meetings or post information at school, which can make it difficult to recruit members, so learn how to properly register your club and make it official.If you’re not sure how to do this, ask your academic adviser, a teacher, or someone at the school office. Your student handbook may also have information on registering clubs. Before you register your club, make sure you have completed the previous steps so that you can answer questions about the club, why you want to create it, and what club members will be doing.After getting your club approved by the school, a teacher or staff member may be assigned as the club supervisor. If not, ask a teacher you know well or who you think will have an interest in the club to act as supervisor. Your school may also require you to write bylaws for the club, which will explain what the purpose of the club is, how people can join the club, if and how club elections will be held, and more. If your school does require you to write bylaws, they will often give you a template to fill in to make the process easier. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Step 4: Spread the Word Once you know what you want your club to focus on and have gotten it approved by the school, it’s time to recruit some members.If you haven’t already, figure out a time and place to hold your first meeting. You may need to get permission from your school to host the meeting in an empty classroom or another place. Mention your club to your friends and people you think will be interested.If your school allows it, create and post flyers a week or two before the first meeting that briefly state the club’s name, purpose, and time and date of the first meeting. Try to make these flyers eye-catching and interesting to look at. For a ski club, including a color photo of a person skiing down a mountain and a heading like "Love toski? Want to learn how? JoinJefferson High School's new ski club!" can catch students' interest and convince more people to attend the first meeting. Fill empty seats by spreading the word and promoting your new club. Step 5: Hold Your First Club Meeting Don’t try to do too much at your first meeting; your goal should just be to introduce the club and answer any questions people may have.Introduce yourself, state what the club’s purpose and goals are, what members will do, and any potential ideas you have for future activities and events. Also, providingsnacks is a great way to get people to love you and your new club. To continue with the ski club example, for its first meeting you would explainthe purpose of the ski club, whether that's organizing ski trips, teaching people how to ski, or another focus. Review (before the meeting!) the answers you gave to the questions in step 2and discuss those if you're not sure what to talk about. Youcan thengive a brief overview of what activities you'd like members to be able to participate in, such asski lessons, weekend trips, etc., and then end byshowing pictures ofski spots the club may visit to get people excited about future meetings. After you've spoken,people who are attending the meeting a chance to introduce themselves and give their opinion on what they think the club should focus on.Have a list where potential members can write their e-mail addresses to stay informed onfuture club news. At the end of the meeting, let members know where and when the next meeting will be held. Step 6: Assign Duties and Plan Events At one of the first few meetings, you should assign leadership roles to help keep the club running smoothly. Common officer roles include: President:Leads and supervises the club with help from other officers. Vice President: Fills in when the president is not available. Secretary: Takes notes during meetings, maintains club records, keeps members updated on club news and events. Treasurer:Manages the club’s budget and expenses Hold elections or nominate people to fill these positions.Once you have your club organized and a leadership structure established, start planning activities for club members.These activities can take place during club meetings or atspecial events outside of meetings.Potential ideas to consider include bringing in guest speakers, planning club outings, organizing fundraisers, and hosting discussions or lectures. You probably want the first activity to be somewhat small to prevent you or other club members from getting overwhelmed with planning and to increase the probability of it being successful. For a ski club, the first activity could be a day-trip to a nearby ski slope, and, eventually, you could work up to a weekend trip to a resort a few hours away. In between ski trips, you could plan to have guest speakers come and discuss skiing, test out ski gear, and holdfundraisers to helpcover expenses. Step 7: Establish a Budget Most clubs require some money to stay running, even if it is only a small amount to cover printing costs and snacks. Some clubs may need a much larger budget if theyuse a lot of materials or go on trips. Your treasurer should develop a budget that gives a rough estimate of the expenses your club will expect to have. Things you may want to have in the budget include printing fees, food and drinks, travel expenses, gifts for guest speakers, and any materials you may need. Schools often provide stipends to official clubs, and this may be enough to cover your expenses. If not, consider fundraisers or club dues to raise enough money to keep the club active.For a club that hasa lot of expenses, such as a ski club that offers ski trips,you will probably use a combination of school stipends, fundraisers, and member dues to help cover costs. Want to go on a ski trip? Better start saving your pennies. Step 8: Keep Your Club Going! Now that you have your club up and running, it’s important to make sure it lasts.Keeping your club around for the long term will ensure that more students get to enjoy it, and it will also look more impressive to colleges because it showsthat you can commit to something and have the skills to keep a club running long-term. In order to keep your club going, make sure you continue to follow the above steps and recruit new members, assign leadership roles, stick to a budget, and plan activities and events to keep your club exciting. It can also help to have a special event at the end of each year, whether that's a party, weekend trip, or important guest speaker. Doing this will give members something to look forward to and help keep people interested in the club. Final Tipsto Keep in Mind Starting a club is a lot of work, so make sure you have enough time to devote to it before you begin the process. Don’t try to do everything all at once. It’s okay to start small and have your first few meetings focus mostly on getting to know each other and brainstorming ideas. Trying to plan too many things right away can be exhausting and overwhelming. Encourage group members to voice their opinions, and make sure you listen to their ideas. Taking multiple viewpoints into consideration will help your members enjoy the club more and can give you great ideas for future activities. If there are similar clubs or organizations at your school or in your community, you may want to consider working with them. This can help spread the word about your club, help members meet new people, and give you more options for interesting activities. What's Next? Want to find outmore about extracurriculars and why they're so important? Check out our guide to extracurriculars and learn how they can help you get into your dream college! Want more ideas to help you start your club? We have a list of hundreds of extracurriculars, and you're sure to find something therethat interests you! Want to use your club to help others? Check out our guide to learn more about community service and ways to give back. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Phantom Limb Sensations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phantom Limb Sensations - Essay Example When a sensory nerve is severed during amputation, a nodule called a neuroma will form near the end of the stump. These neuromas can be very sensitive to the touch and were thus believed to generate the mysterious signals. Although surgically removing the neuromas occasionally provided temporary relief, the phantom limb always returned." (Shreeve, 1993). Kandel has explained the grounds of phantom limb disorder, according to which it is important to consider the normal pathways involved in sensation. These pathways involve both hemispheres of the brain containing a deep crack (gap) called the central sulcus. This crack is flanked on either side, by the help of two cortexes, the precentral gyrus (motor cortex), and the post central gyrus (somatosensory cortex). Incoming sensory afferents from the contra lateral (opposite) side of the body resulting in synapsing at the somatosensory cortex after finding its pathways through the thalamus. The somatosensory cortex (S1) is highly ordered in a roughly topographic fashion, containing a receptive field for every body part, with larger receptive fields devoted to areas that are more highly innervated such as the hands and lips. The receptive fields are laid out in an ordered fashion along the length of S1, representing the entire body surface in an abstract map known as a homunculus. When a sensation travels from a particular location to the receptive field, the corresponding receptive field becomes active. Likewise, if an area of S1 is stimulated, the person will feel a sensation in the corresponding body part. (Kandel, 2005). Jensen, Krebs, Nielsen and Rasmussen (1983) have suggested that phantom limb can be divided into two categories as the term "phantom limb" refers to any painful or non-painful sensations occurring in the missing limb of the same individual. Melzack in 1971 proposed Central theory as a physiological explanation of painful phantom limb, this theory also has been interpreted as a psychological explanation by Dawson and Arnold (1981) but as intended by the author it is considered as physiological in nature. It is stated that central theory credits such conscious processes that are based upon schematic representations with the passage of time along with the perception of phantom limb. These schematic representations come into existence from the peripheral sensory mechanisms. Despite of the fact that both are interlinked with one another, both operate independently. Support for this schematic explanation has been provided in studies that show interference of locally anesthetizing peripheral nerves of an intact limb as result in the experience of phantom limb (Melzack, 1973). The main reason for the occurrence of Phantom limb is due to the fact that the brain no longer receives input from the anesthetized periphery, similar t o an amputee's experience, so phantom limb occurs. The two most common pain reactions following an amputation include phantom limb and residual limb pain. Phantom limb sensations, or non-painful sensations in the lost limb, are experienced almost immediately after an amputation. These sensations feel like the missing limb was actually present in its full representation by shape, length, and position in space. These sensations are

MOD 1 SLP ETH501 - Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MOD 1 SLP ETH501 - Business Ethics - Essay Example The deontological implications of such ethical issues cannot be underplayed. Ethical Problem While working at a local mall, I encountered a rather common unethical practice in the workplace - discrimination coupled with harassment. The store was predominantly a male-dominated work environment in which most employees and supervisors were men. The ethical issue emerged when the store hired a new female employee and the male supervisor started constantly treating her inappropriately. Notably, the presence of the new employee stirred up conflict because the store had not yet conducted sensitivity training. The male supervisor made inappropriate remarks to the new female employee and failed to groom her for promotions as he did with male employees (DesJardins, 2010). Despite her constant complaints to the store manager, the manager did not take any measures to remedy the situation. The ethical issues in this situation are quite diverse: firstly, the male supervisor’s treatment of t he new employee was biased along sexual lines. The store manager’s failure to act was also quite unethical. Making derogatory remarks towards employees on account of their gender is extremely unethical and unlawful. In addition, by denying the female employee necessary resources for promotion, the supervisor also acted unethically (Bhatia, 2004). Deontological Implications Deontological ethics posits that people’s duty to act or not to act centers on the uprightness or evil of the act rather than the consequence of the act. This means that certain actions are inherently proper or evil. Deontological ethics puts emphasis on the concept of whether or not an act is proper or evil, an obligation or duty (Kant, 1993). In the aforementioned ethical issue, the male supervisor acted unethically by failing to perform his work obligation, i.e. providing all employees the same opportunity to earn a promotion. Deontological perceptions of ethics require that people perform their d uties and obligations without being required to do so. Supervisors have a distinct duty to provide a level playing field for all employees in terms of employees’ access to company resources, such as training and grooming. Consequently, the supervisor’s gender-based discrimination contravened conventional view of proper actions in the workplace. Conventional wisdom requires equal treatment of all persons in the workplace; hence the supervisor acted unethically by infringing on the female employee’s right to use company resources (Velasquez, 2001). Regardless of the consequence of the supervisor’s discrimination, his behavior was quite unethical in itself. In addition, the supervisor’s utterance of derogatory remarks towards the female employee epitomized an unethical act. Deontological ethics points of view require people to act uprightly because it is their duty to act right ( Pojman & Fieser, 2011). The supervisor’s actions show disregard f or conventional wisdom that demands that it is the duty of all persons, regardless of their status and positions, to treat others in a humane and upright manner. Moral behavior in the workplace entails impartial treatment of all employees regardless of their race, gender or ethnicity. Conversely, the store manager’s disregard towards the female employee’s complaints is indicative of immorality and unethical behavior (â€Å"Duty-based Ethics†, 2009). The manager could create an impartial and upright

I Forget That I Have Alzheimer’s disease Essay Example for Free

I Forget That I Have Alzheimer’s disease Essay Alzheimers disease is a familiar sight to me. I had a sad experience during my work as a nurse in my country Colombia and Spain with Alzheimer disease patients. Day by day I came to know each patient’s story because every day they were living the moment without remember the last minute. This is also what happened to Lisa Genova’s novel Still Alice. The protagonists is a 50 year old woman, a very well organized, efficient, highly-educated, and smart Harvard professor, wife of a successful man, and the mother of three grown children, who has diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. People have learned about the progression of Alice’s disease through her reactions, so feeling what she feels- a slowly building terror, the big changes with her family, professional life, and her identity, but we also have started to understand how Alice finds positive aspects in all this, she started to enjoy more of her family, she also began to take more time for her, about how she can remember the things without help. When a patient is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, the relation between the patient and his/her family suffers big changes. With Alice, is the negative aspects start when she becomes dependent on her family members and in need of certain care. The impact on Alice’s home is visible in the new habits, routines, roles and functions within the family dynamics. All of her family members suffer as a result of the disease to a lesser or greater extent. Her husband’s life is affected because he has less time to do his work and other activities, as he needs to take care of her. He also loses his patience because Alice behaves out of the ordinary, and that can become annoying in some ways. An example, when Alice forgets her cell phone at home and he said: â€Å"Then duct tape it to your head, I don’t care, I’m not going through this every time you forget you’re supposed to show up somewhere. † (Genova 99). On the other hand, her children feel anxiety, fear, and rejection with regard what is happening with their mother. All the members of her family in some way want to take care of her. While helping her looks like an obligation, the positive aspect is that Alice has more attention from her husband and children. She and her husband try to renew their affection to each other. Her husband and children are supporting her at some moments, especially the youngest daughter, who feels love, compassion, and empathy for her mother. The second important aspect of Alice is life that is affected her professional life as an important professor. â€Å"Today, I have the honor of introducing you to our first colloquium speaker of the year. Dr. Alice Howland is the eminent William James Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. † (Genova 9). In spite of her achievements and all the important and recognized things about her profession, the career is coming to an end. She gradually loses the ability to follow a conversation thread, the story line of a book, or to recall information she heard just moment before. She is losing her respect of her students because they cannot trust in someone who is sick. She is unable to do the work because every day she loses the capacity to remember everything she needs to know at the moment. She loses prestige because she cannot represent any more in her life as a professional. The positive point is that she cannot want to give up all years of work in a second. She wants to be a supported at any moment by any person who needs her. She continues to attend meetings and seminars. She is trying to leave a positive impression on each person who has met her. The third and the most important aspect with Alice and her Alzheimer’s disease is a big change in her identity. At the beginning she is angry and depressed with herself because she is forgetting everything that she needs to remember every day, such as a simple and common word. Her emotional changes also affect her relationships with others and her own feelings, because she has a negative behavior with others when she yells or says a word of anger. I think is the way how she shows that she is trying to avoid what is happening in her life with an incurable disease that changes the direction of her life. She feels frustration about her memory problems because gradually she has a restriction of freedom that means she loses privacy and independence in each activity she wants to do. We cannot imagine what she is feeling when she is losing everything she learned, all the way back to basic activities such as the skill to walk, eat, or even use the bathroom. Alice feels frustrated about what she is living, because it is a way to say she is stigmatized with this disease as though she were already dead. On the other hand, and in a positive way, she begins to enjoy her life when she shares more time with her family. She feels curiosity about a future of her children and grandchild, and then she wants to live to enjoy everything, despite she would â€Å"be incapable of remembering and executing this kind of plan. † (Genova 118). She creates a simple test and games to remember simple things of her life, and she can self-administer every day. She also tries to create a support group with people who have the same conditions as her, sharing experiences and to know that she does not alone in all this. This is a story where a woman forgets that have Alzheimer’s disease because she continues to do her life normally, she forgets that the things that she makes normally, now she does not make. Alice can find in her husband and children some way of support of each one of them, and then she can understand the positive things about her disease. The surprising is how the Alzheimers disease can advance very quickly, as affect relationships, families, professional jobs, and the identities of each patient. â€Å"Unfortunately, this is a progressive, degenerative disease with no cure. It gets worse, despite any medication we have right now. † (Genova 245). This is a sad end for each person who had a wonderful and successful life. In my experience, I only knew and lived with my patients their final phase of the disease. I also admire anyone going through this disease, their family, friends, those who care for them and those who continue to research for this cause. The hope is the patients and the people who live around them can find the positive aspects during the disease, they can enjoy more time together and help each patient try to find a good way to endure their disease. Work Cited Genova, Lisa. Still Alice. New York, London, Toronto, and Sydney: Gallery Books, 2009.

Medicaid for Millionaires :: essays research papers

Summary: Medicaid for Millionaires briefly touches on one of the many problems facing the U.S. and its current Medicaid policy. The articles begins by acknowledging the fact that Medicaid was originally formed in 1965 with the intent of providing medical care just for the poor, and how lately this hasn’t been the case. Today were finding out how more of societies upper-class are discovering ways to receive Medicaid benefits as well. The system is being called â€Å"Asset-Shifting†, were anyone is allowed to give away most of their assets (no matter the cost) to someone else and three years later claim the same medical benefits being set aside for the poor. As quoted in the article â€Å"there’s an entire industry being dedicated to making sure that other taxpayers, not they, be responsible for paying the nursing-home needs of the richâ€Å". Though morally questionable, more and more Medical Planners today directly counsel their well-off clients on how to take advantage of this loop-hole in our system. A more troubling fact is that of the 100% of the less fortunate that occupy the scarcer Medicaid beds being provided by the government, 70% of those in well kept nursing homes receive the same exact Medicaid benefits. Many government officials have tried to stop this on going trend by passing laws during the 90’s that required states to recover the cost of benefits from the estates of those who attempt asset shifting, however failing miserably due to half-hearted efforts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To our governments credit the efforts of a decade ago didn’t break sprits of our lawmakers who still feel that asset shifting is a unjust practice. Four states have already implemented the new Partnership Program, which allows a consumer who buys, 100,000 in long term care to exempt that sum before claiming the rest of their assets, which would in turn allow that person to preserve money for their heirs and/or purchase the long-term care of their choice.

Alternative Rural Construction Technologies in North East India

Dissertation LITERATURE REVIEW ALTERNATIVE RURAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ( NORTH-EAST INDIA ) Introduction:The North Eastern portion of India has ever been a absorbing country for travelers and adventurers. The rich heritage is exemplified through the ethnicity, tradition, support, and besides by the architectural typologies. Several distinguishable architectural characteristics are seen in North East provinces, which differ by clime and deep frozen traditions. The architecture of this country evolved in class of clip and were largely built by the dwellers themselves, without any preparation in building. Yet, due to uninterrupted engagement in the field of building, they finally came to cognize about the different margins considered in planing a house, which can be seen or understood through their home grounds. These houses, built with locally available stuffs, were sensitive to the bing environment and took into consideration the restraints imposed by the clime. These countries are able to supply its home ground with the building needs, but due to the deficiency of knowledge/awareness, these resources has non been utilized expeditiously. In order to use these available resources most expeditiously, it is necessary to advance the usage of advanced edifice stuffs and building techniques. Extension of energy and cost effectual edifice stuffs, use of agricultural by-products/wastes every bit good as locally available stuffs, cheaper and clip salvaging building techniques and efficient house programs at low-cost cost, has a great significance in the present rural scenario. This paper aims at the survey of common architecture of these country. Note the pros and cons of the present building scenarios, and better on them to do a more efficient home grounds, through alternate technologies/improving on the available resources to do a more efficient houses. The architectural solution can be attained through a deep survey and apprehension of this field. The research inquiry being, How to advance and widen appropriate building engineerings to better rural architecture? Thus it aims to analyze the present rural architecture ( taking NE India as a mention ) and better on it, to utilize the available resources most efficient. Reappraisal:Alternate rural building engineerings aims at happening the resources available in the North East India, and bettering on them to do the most out of it. Ever since adult male become colonist, he experiment assorted natural resources for constructing a shelter. Certain stuffs become the rule edifice stuffs and are continued to be used in building, some of them in its original signifier while some after intervention or byproduct of nature. But, due to scarceness of the resources, inaccessibility on site, deficiency of cognition for using the help stuffs and assorted other grounds, demands for innovation of new stuffs arise. Some of them, even though normally used in building and dependable stuffs, are scarce or a menace to nature. Therefore, using the natural resources and utilizing them in a more efficient manner demands to be prioritized instead than trusting on imported materials/ engineerings. Let’s expression at the North east country as a whole and see, what the conditions of edifice building are, the pros and cons of the present scenario. Here is the program of a edifice made out of clay, ( writer ) . In this, we have a house widening 6.9m/ 4.9m, it has an country in the which are being used for cookery and fixing nutrient, and comes the following subdivision, where other day-to-day activities happens, or instead their twenty-four hours infinite, and the other room being the bed room. All other activities like, bathing, fixing nutrient for farm animal, making their demands go on near their house. The present issues here are like, shelter for them while making their other activities outside their place. Sufficient air and light motion in the house. Unnecessary use of building stuffs, like for illustration, the thickness or the sum of stuffs usage ( beginning: writer ) in building the walls, roofs, flooring could hold been reduced by decently reenforcing the stuffs or by utilizing them in a more appropriate ways non merely to cut down the sum of stuffs used, but besides to do it last longer, fire cogent evidence or even utilizing other more appropriate stuffs. In malice of the fact that stuffs used for building or programs of the edifice are non satisfactory, yet these present edifices provides them with a thermic comfort, and other assorted margins which one frequently fails to accomplish in the modern houses. Therefore, non merely implementing new materials/ design of a edifice or planning, bettering and happening alternate agreement on the pros of the present rural building and replacing the cons. Besides, some or instead, many of the present issues faced in the rural building are merely because of the deficiency of cognition, the short approachs of these issues could be solved non merely by replacing the stuffs or alteration of design, but by agencies of minor alterations, like the sum of stuffs used, care jobs, etc. farther testing is needed, since cognition of grounds of failure/ short coming of certain issues are limited. These issues could be solved by farther study/ research to supply the appropriate solutions and non merely rely on premises made to be the ground for failure of the bing design or certain stuff. These research will take at analyzing farther more into these issues and seek to come up with an appropriate solution for the issues. Alternate rural building engineerings non merely aims at merely changing/ bettering on the bing stuffs, but it besides aims at doing the house program for a more efficient usage of infinite, both the negative and positive. To suite a ) the clime B ) the geographics on which the edifice is supposed to sit degree Celsius ) the civilization ( including the faith, tradition, societal activities ) & A ; and most significantly vitamin D ) the inhabitants. Therefore, alternate engineerings can be looked upon under three different stairss the first being the design ( planning of the house- before the onsite executing of the house ) , Construction ( materials- the onsite executing of the designed house ) and Home/ home ( culture- the after executing of the house ) .The design ( planning of the house- before the onsite executing of the house ) – Design of a rural house is more complex and hard than the urban 1s, as it normally has to get by non merely for the family/owner but with their farm animal excessively ( Baker Laurie ) . There is besides normally a demand for covered infinite outside the house for all kinds of businesss, weaving, basket devising, cyberspaces and fishing, nutrient drying and processing etc. Because, many of the abodes if non all are normally husbandmans. The unfastened infinite around the house is every bit of import as the house itself, as it is really much in usage for cookery, storing, animate being, dome stic fowl etc.The present conditions in these countries could non supply desirable shelter for different season of the twelvemonth for the said demands, due to miss of cognition, economic position, etc. Therefore, these of import activities happens in the country which are uncovered/ sometimes making ineluctable issues during rainy season, rough summer/winter, etc. So, basic programs which aims at minimizing and spread outing every bit and when possible is needed or by supplying some short of shelter for these out-of-door activities for these seasons.Construction ( materials- the onsite executing of the designed house ) –Execution is the phase where the conceptual is being shaped into things that can be sensed by other people. An thought must be realized in stuffs ( Henry Glassie, 1984 ) materialisation raises complexnesss in architectural communicating non met in verbal communicating and it limits construct. The determination to make a edifice is the determination to destruc t some portion of the material existence. Our natural things are destroyed- trees have been cut down, rock being broken into pieces, old places are razed off– to do things better. The effort to better our homes by destructing the nature is technological. Every technological act entails alterations in two major dealingss: one between the homo to the non-human universe, and the other one within the universe of the people itself. Technology required the forfeit of extant stuffs that finally do non owe their presence to human existences. Therefore, by sagely using what Mother Nature gave us, we non merely give back to nature, but the human- ourselves, as Brundtland ( 1987 ) provinces, Sustainable development is development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the demands of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. This definition of Brundtland contains within it two cardinal constructs: the construct of demands, to which overruling precedence should be given and the construct of restrictions, to run into the present and future demands. One needs to take stuffs for building sing the undermentioned points-They should be locally available.Preference should be given to stuffs of low embodied energy.Minimum C footmark stuffs.Biodegradable and renewable stuffs.They should hold long life and lasting, andMaterials should be reclaimable and reclaimable.Home/ home ( culture- the after executing of the house ) – Culture, intending the people who are populating in the executed house, the tradition, society, life style, is one of import facet for planing a house. A place is a house where the household lives. So, the manner the household maintains or uses the house besides plays an of import function in the lastingness of the house, stableness and even thermic responds of the house. For case, a traditional Earth houses provide changeless thermal comfort by regular care, it needs to be plastered after every five old ages, due to its exposure to the exterior atmosphere. If non, the thermic comfort provided by the houses red uces, same goes for a thatch roof, without regular care H2O sipping through the roof can be experienced. Therefore regular attention has to be provided to the houses, even after it is one time constructed. Last, this research/ findings purpose at supplying a building stuffs which is more lasting, needs less care, and stable, these can be achieved by choosing the right type of stuffs for the right clime, geographics and handiness, or by intervention of the bing stuffs to do it needs less care. Yet, continue attention has to be taken by the proprietors, for the place to supply them healthy built in environment to populate in.Bibliographies: Glassie Henry, Material Culture, Vol. 16, No.1 ( Spring 1984 ) . Common Architecture and Society, Pioneer America Society. Bakers Laurie, Rural house programs. Anubha, Barun, Belal, Kartik, Kaushik, Nitin, et Al. 1990, Clay Products Manufacture, Clay undertakings III yr. B.Arch, SPA Delhi.

Why Do We as a Society Need a Criminal Justice System

Why do we (as a society) need a criminal justice system? Introduction As a society there is need for a criminal justice system, as it is essential to have laws throughout the population. We have these laws so people cannot use money or power to benefit themselves. The laws also establish that each person should understand their and everyone else’s rights and obligations within the community. The criminal justice system, is a system of laws and rulings which protect community members and their property. Therefore, the laws determine which acts are criminal and how the offender is punished. (Sallmann, P. nd Wills, J. 1984 Criminal Justice in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ) The criminal justice system in Australia formed centuries ago, with new forms of punishments added along the way. From then till now Australian judges have interpreted, applied and developed these laws, the Australian parliaments have also added to them through legislation. (Sallmann, P. and W ills, J. 1984 Criminal Justice in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ) Why we need a criminal justice system There are three main divisions in criminal justice system, which exists of Police, Courts, and Corrections. Firstly, Police have the responsibility to investigate and apprehend criminals. Secondly, Courts are responsible for fair trial and sentencing. Thirdly, Corrections are responsible for imprisonment and supervision. The main purpose of this system is to manage public safety. In Australia we have nine legal systems, comprising eight State or Territory systems and one federal system. Most of the administration of courts, the legal profession and legislation occurs in the States and Territories. Therefore, each State and Territory is responsible to carry out the laws and rulings for the criminal justice system. Attorney-General's Department (AGD) 1995, The Justice Statement, AGD, Canberra. ) The criminal justice system's goals are to ensure that legislation and the law is upheld at all times. For example, protecting the innocent, punishing the guilty, preserving order and peace and protecting victims from further anguish. Another goal the criminal justice system seems to be focusing on i s education for the public regarding crime and rehabilitation of offenders. This method is achieved by deterring offenders or preventing crimes from spreading. Therefore, the goals of the criminal justice system are to balance criminal activity and crime revention. There is an abundance of people, who think the criminal justice system is not really a system, and that it has always been flawed. It fails to deliver true justice and is expensive and incompetent in determining cases. On the other hand there are many people who firmly defend the system against such criticism, viewing it as only needing little change. As always, the truth lies somewhere in between the two arguments. The criminal justice system is subject to continual criticism. Many of its qualities, such as the wearing of gowns and wigs, are seen to imitate a system which is outdated, hiding in old traditions and rocedures and out of touch with the society of today. As a society we need to understand that the police alon e can’t overcome all crimes therefore, it can’t deal with every criminal. The criminal justice system introduced community based programs and institutions to help build safer communities. Examples of these programs and institutions are, Neighbourhood Watch and Community Corrections. Firstly, Neighbourhood Watch is a community based program, which aims to minimise crime within the community. This program requires both the community and the police working together to accomplish his goal. (Neighbourhood Watch, http://www. nhw. com. au/Home) Secondly, Community Corrections is an institution which manages and supervises offenders on community based supervision orders such as Probation, Parole, Home Detention, Community Work and Bail. This institution requires the community, Courts and the Parole Board to all work together, to achieve the optimum result. (Community Corrections http://www. nt. gov. au/justice/corrservices/community_corrections/index. shtml) The criminal justi ce system is a complex social tree, the branches of this tree combine social and economic causes. It is often these other causes that determine the crimes committed and the response of the criminal justice system. These creators of crime can be sorted into two main groups: environmental risk factors and individual risk factors. Environmental risk factors include the physical, social, family, community, economic, cultural and political environments in which an individual lives For example, higher rates of unemployment can have an impact on levels of crime, which in turn will affect all sectors of the criminal justice system. Individual risk factors include mental and physical health status, demographic and ocioeconomic characteristics, attitudes and beliefs, and lifestyles and behaviour. These individual risk factors must also be considered when looking at the broader context of the criminal justice systems. (The National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework, Jul 2001. ) Various researches have addressed different outlooks to explain why some people have a criminal tendency. Exa mples of these outlooks are by Cesare Lombroso and Sigmund Freud. Firstly, Lombroso states that criminals have stigmata, and that these stigmata consist of abnormal dimensions of the skull and jaw. Lombroso even claimed that different criminals have different physical characteristics which he could discern. (Cesare Lombroso. (2009). Secondly, Sigmund Freud hypothesized that the most common element that contributed to criminal behaviour was faulty identification by a child with her or his parents. The improperly socialized child may develop a personality disturbance that causes her or him to direct antisocial impulses inward or outward. The child who directs them outward becomes a criminal, and the child that directs them inward becomes a neurotic. (Sigmund Freud (1961). Conclusion For a society to work it needs to have a level of structure, that is applied and understood by everyone. Laws within the criminal justice system create that structure and regulate the way in which people and organisations behave. If we did not have a criminal justice system, there would be a lot of chaos, within the systems of management and crime control. Therefore, if there is no threat for punishment, the level of crime within the society could be quiet high. The major goals in criminal justice tend to be creating a helping hand in reducing crime, through bringing major offences to justice, or raising the communities confidence. Along with others the justice system works towards preventing crime or helping offenders turn away from committing a crime. (Goldsmith, Israel and Daly 2006) Therefore, the criminal justice system is to create balance throughout society. We as a society need this system, to protect people within our communities from crime and preventing crime. Is the system fair? No. But the criminal justice system can only be as fair as human beings are capable of making it. References 1. Sallmann, P. and Wills, J. 1984 Criminal Justice in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. 2. Attorney-General's Department (AGD) 1995, The Justice Statement, AGD, Canberra. 3. (Neighbourhood Watch, http://www. nhw. com. au/Home) 4. (Community Corrections http://www. nt. gov. au/justice/corrservices/community _corrections/index. shtml) 5. The National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework, Jul 2001. 6. Cesare Lombroso. (2009). New World Encyclopaedia. 7. Freud, S. (1961). The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19). London: Hogarth. 8. Goldsmith, Israel and Daly 2006, Crime and Justice: An Australian Textbook in Criminology (3rd Edition) Sydney: Lawbook Company. Why Do We as a Society Need a Criminal Justice System? WHY DO WE AS A SOCIETY NEED A CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM? Introduction The criminal justice system is comprised of a basic formation, the law enforcement agencies, the courts, and the correctional services. This system has existed since ancient times and although the three facilities haven’t completely been replaced over the centuries, there has been a lot of change and amendment to how the system is used to investigate, deter, and keep order and control in today’s society. It is a fundamental part of our society and we know that comprehensive, effective, and nondiscriminatory implementation of criminal justice system powers is essential to ending violence, both for freeing individual and for ending the worldwide epidemic of violence against one another. Although the system has evolved over the years to adjust and accommodate people of different status, class and provide a multicultural aspect to society, just as any other system there will always be some impediments and inconsistencies such as, financial restraints, inequality, selective law enforcement and public influence such as media ideas and images of crime. Why we need a criminal justice system It would be unrealistic of people in society to believe every crime could be prevented and every criminal caught and incarcerated. Its however not unrealistic to expect to live in a safe society that is provided with equality, fairness, and is reliable and respected. Without the criminal justice system the entire society would disintegrate and it would be overrun with crime and wrong doing. The law enforcement, the courts and the correctional arms of the system each take on a responsibility to follow procedures laid down by the government, who determine what society needs more or less of at any particular time. From the data below (Government expenditure by sector 2004-2005) we can quite clearly see how the criminal justice system has changed in order to meet the needs of society; this is an example of how the government prioritises the needs of society at any particular time. The education sector of the chart is obviously the highest in priority which shows that government is now trying a different perspective as was used years ago by now educating the public and society on how to help prevent crime themselves and teaching parents how to help prevent their children from deviating against them, and becoming another statistic. Coming in second to education is the health expenditure which shows that there is quite a high need for medical and health attention for those that come in contact with the criminal justice system. The government is becoming more aware of the need for chances of rehabilitation for mentally ill and suicidal persons, where these issues are not now seen as a crime but now as a personal issue and the government is now taking it extremely seriously the need for a solution and not punishment to their mental states which may have led them to their criminal ways instead of punishing them for their illness. As we see community services are the next most important thing the government is seeing as a need in the criminal justice system. The law enforcement, courts and correctional facilities only deal with the law and order in society and maintaining social control, but without the community services (Eg: Housing, education, financial services, legal services) the people going into and coming out of the criminal justice system would have nowhere to go for support. The community services is a crucial element to the criminal justice system for the individuals of crime, the families and everyone affected, by providing the additional support needed. The system for punishment has changed many times over the decades the criminal justice system has been around, from corporal punishment (whipping, removing of hands for theft and even execution), to lighter punishments such as community services, probationary periods, and parole for less serious offences to prison terms for more severe offences. The less serious of offences such as vandalism by a juvenile will more than likely obtain a community service punishment to remove or fix the damage caused there by ridding the community of the vandalism and educating the convicted, in turn the convicted is less likely to reoffend. So in most cases such as theft, vandalism, and minor assault cases, if the case is finalised in court by conviction (typically by a defendant's entering a plea of guilty to the offence or to a less serious offence), the defendant may receive a non incarceration sentence such as parole, community service or probation. From this narrowing of cases Daly et al. (2006) p 275 found from a large number experienced by victims to a trickle of defendants convicted and sanctioned has the appearance of a funnel and saves resources and space in prisons and other correctional facilities for the more serious defendants. As the above pie chart (Composition of government expenditure on criminal justice 2006-2007) shows us the police services are at the head position of the overall expenditure of the three arms of the criminal justice system. The government is aware of the vast need for more funds into the policing sector, for the fact this arm is the division that provides the law and order and is out there addressing the issues that are affecting society and apprehending the criminals in, to ensure the criminal justice system continues to function in a fair and equally sufficing way. The police have moved to further advance their policing techniques, from general law enforcement to ‘Community policing’, which focuses more on ‘conciliatory rather than a coercive approach to police work’, which involves the community and individuals in playing a co-participatory role in the act of crime prevention. In conclusion the overall principle of the criminal justice system is to provide justice for everyone in society and to keep society safe and in order by convicting the criminals and rehabilitating them not to offend again, and to support them as the re-enter society. The criminal justice system works with other organisations to help prevent crime and bring those who to offend to justice and also educating society and keeping them involved in ways they can help. Even with the inconsistencies and impediments, without a criminal justice system, societies all over the world would be overrun with chaos and society would cease to function. In order to keep society smooth running and the people safe maintenance of the criminal justice system is vital for social order and control. References Composition of government expenditure on criminal justice [image] (2006-2007). Retrieved 26 December 2011, from http://www. aic. gov. au/statistics/criminaljustice. aspx Daly, Kathleen; Israel, Mark ; Goldsmith, Andrew John. (2006) Crime and Justice: A guide to criminology, 3rd Ed. Sydney: Lawbook Co. Ch. 13 Daly, Kathleen, â€Å"Aims of the Criminal Justice system† p275 Government expenditure by sector [image] (2004-2005). Retrieved 26 December 2011, from http://www. aic. gov. au/statistics/criminaljustice. aspx Perrone, S. , ; White, R. (2010) Crime Criminality ; Criminal Justice (1st Ed. ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Why Do We as a Society Need a Criminal Justice System? Why do we (as a society) need a criminal justice system? Everyday, society is the respondent to rules and procedures that shape the way we interact with one another. Perhaps the most defining rules and procedures are those that deal with criminality and criminal justice. This paper will firstly look at the goals of the criminal justice system and how the criminal justice system tries to achieve them. Secondly, this essay will examine how the criminal justice system functions and whether this is effective in achieving the goals it sets out. Perhaps the most obvious goal of the criminal justice system is to respond to crime. This goal is fulfilled through the apprehension of those who perpetrate crimes, and the subsequent punishment of these offenders. However, when looking at the full scope of the functions of the criminal justice system, it further aims to prevent crime and promote personal and community safety (Pink, 2007). In summary, the basic function of the criminal justice system is social control (Bryett, Crasswell, Harrison, Arch, & Shaw, 1993). Social controls dictate what behaviours are acceptable in society, so as to ensure the best interests of society as a whole are maintained (Bryette, et. al. , 1993). While the criminal justice system is not the only form of social control, it is perhaps the most obvious formal control. The government criminalizes activities and behaviours that are deemed to be harmful to society. This government then gives the criminal justice system the power and resources to enforce these laws and punish those who do not conform (Bryett, et al. , 1993). This formal control is used to reinforce informal social controls such as family, education, peers and mass media: which, on their own are generally quite effective social controls. However, informal controls alone cannot be relied upon to enforce criminal justice processes, therefore the state imposes the powers of the criminal justice system to regulate society. The Australian criminal justice system is based on the belief that all people are treated equally in the eyes of the law. Concepts such as separation of powers, judicial precedent and fair procedures are key to the Australian riminal justice system (http://www. dfat. gov. au/facts/legal-systems. html). In Australia, each state and territory governs its own set of criminal laws, enforcement, adjudicative and correctional systems (Earle, Sarre, & Tomaino, 1999), with the federal government making laws on trade and commerce, taxation, defense, external affairs, and immigration and citizenship (http://www. dfat. gov. au/facts/l egal-systems. html). While there are some central legal themes, this arrangement leads to differing definitions of offences and appropriate sentencing (Earle, Sarre, & Tomaino, 1999). Each of these state and federal governments are comprised of 3 separate branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative arm of the government makes laws, while the executive government administers the laws, and the judiciary independently interprets these laws and applies them (http://www. dfat. gov. au/facts/legal-systems. html). This concept is known as the separation of powers, and was employed to prevent one group having the power to be judge, jury and executioner in the criminal justice process (Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). The criminal justice system is also made up of three core elements: police, courts and corrections. Police are the first response in the criminal justice system and are responsible for crime prevention and detection, maintaining public order and providing emergency assistance. They are also responsible for apprehending suspects to be processed through the next phase of the criminal justice system, the courts (Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). It is the role of the criminal courts to adjudicate cases brought before them. It is here that the guilt or innocence of the defendant is determined (Pink, 2007). If guilt is found, the defendant is moved on to the corrective services, which administers the sentence brought down by the court. This can result in being taken into custody, community work, or rehabilitation (Pink, 2007). While these three systems are connected to each other, they also have their own agendas, leading many to query the phrase ‘criminal justice system’ (Daly, 2006). Daly (2006) describes an accurate definition for the term ‘system’ as a collection of interdependent agencies’, each having its’ own function. Prenzler & Sarre (2009) note that the current criminal justice system shows very little systematic or authoritative co-ordination between the various agencies. This is mainly due to the fact that these agencies have differing aims. For example, the police perform necessary duties to capture and detain suspects, while the courts work to protect the rights of the defendant, in some cases going so far as to discredit the police if they fail to follow correct procedures (Daly, 2006). These differences sometimes lead to what is seen to be lenient sentencing, and can reduce public confidence in the criminal justice system (Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). However, while some people may believe that the components of the criminal justice system as we know it are contradictory and in some cases inefficient, the alternative would not protect people from the abuses of state power (Daly, 2006) through corruption, bias and a monopoly of power. As stated earlier, the aim of the criminal justice system is to prevent crime, respond to crime, punish crime and protect the community in a fair and just manor to all people. While the phrase ‘criminal justice system’ may cause debate about its accuracy in defining the criminal justice process that Australia adheres to, the concept of the criminal justice system is important to achieving the goals that it has set out. In fact, the same notion that encourages people to report that the criminal justice system is not a system, is the very notion that allows the criminal justice system carry out its’ objectives. The criminal justice system as we know it is a strong formal social control and, in conjunction with informal social controls, is essential to provide a moral and democratic society. References Australian Government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2011). About Australia. Retrieved 20 December 2011 from http://www. dfat. gov. au/facts/legal_systems. html Bryett, K. , Crasswell, E. , Harrison, Arch, & Shaw, J. (1993). An Introduction to Policing: Vol 1: Criminal Justice in Australia. Sydney: Butterworths. Daly, K. , Isreal, M. , & Goldsmith, A. J. (2006). Crime and Justice: A Guide to Criminology (3rd Ed. ). Sydney: Lawbook Co. Prenzler, T. & Sarre, R. (2009). The Criminal Justice System. In H. Hayes. , & T. Prenzler. (Ed. ). (2009). An Introduction to Crime and Criminology (2nd Ed. ). New South Wales: Pearson Education Australia. Pink, B. (2007). National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Sarre, R. , & Tomaino, J. A. (1999). Exploring Criminal Justice: Contemporary Australian Themes. Adelaide: South Australian Institute of Justice Studies.

What Romeo and Juliet Laws Mean for Teens

What Romeo and Juliet Laws Mean for Teens When Shakespeare brought Romeo and Juliet to life, he was intentional in choosing two young characters as his protagonists. Then as now, two teenagers having consensual sex is perfectly understandable. On the other hand, an adult molesting a child is reprehensible. The difference between the two situations would seem obvious. But in many states across America, from a legal standpoint, there’s little distinction between Romeo and Juliets mutual decision and the abusive actions of a child molester. An older teen who has sex with his younger girlfriend can be arrested, prosecuted, and jailed for the act. Even worse, they may carry the stigma of being labeled a sex offender for the rest of their life. The problem typically arises when the male is 18 or 19, the female is between 14 and 16, and the parent of the younger teen presses charges. (Even Romeo would be labeled a sex offender today, as he was believed to be 16 and Juliet 13 when their relationship began.) Consent and Advice Though the age of consent (i.e. the age at which an individual can legally agree to have sex) varies from state to state- and often splits along gender lines- it is definitive in one aspect: it refers to sexual acts between heterosexuals. In over half the states, sex between homosexuals is either not addressed by existing laws or is considered a crime. Recent changes in the laws governing consensual sex between minors or an adult 18 years of age and a minor 14-16 years of age have acknowledged that this intimacy is not the same as molestation. The new laws, named â€Å"Romeo and Juliet laws† after Shakespeare’s tragic teenage lovers, attempt to correct overly harsh penalties and prison terms meted out over the years. In 2007, these laws went into effect in Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, and Texas. Several other states have followed, with about half the states currently having some form of Romeo and Juliet law. Accidental Sex Offender In Florida, a 28-year-old man who’d been placed on the state’s sex offender registry was able to remove his name after the passage of Florida’s Romeo and Juliet law in July 2007. At age 17, Anthony Croce began having sex with his 15-year-old girlfriend; when he turned 18, the girl’s disapproving mother pressed charges and Croce pleaded no contest. He was then legally compelled to register as a sex offender. Florida’s new law still regards underage sex as a crime, but a judge may now determine whether to strike the sex offender designation from those previously convicted. Cases that may lead to an overturned designation would involve a victim who is age 14–17 and has agreed to consensual sex; the offender would have to be no more than four years older than the victim and have no other sex crimes on their record. Gay Bias in Rulings For teenagers who are gay or lesbian and engage in consensual sex, the laws are much tougher. A 2004 case heard by the Kansas Supreme Court had civil libertarians and gay rights groups protesting the existence of a double standard. Matthew Limon was a mentally disabled 17-year-old when he had consensual sex with a 14-year-old boy. Under the Romeo and Juliet law enacted in Kansas in 1999, Limon would have been sentenced to 15 months in prison if the boy had been a girl. But because the law states that partners must be members of the opposite sex, ​Limon was given a 17-year sentence. California state Sen. Scott Wiener, D-San Francisco, introduced a bill in 2019 to add same-sex relationships to the states Romeo and Juliet law. The law seeks only to bring equality to gay and lesbian offenders and still would bring sex-offender status for adults to have sex with underage teens of the same sex or for a teen to have sex with anyone of the same sex under 14. Papa Dont Preach and Dont Press Charges The Romeo and Juliet laws are frequently enforced unfairly says Mark Chaffin, a researcher with the University of Oklahoma-based National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth. In many cases, they are enforced largely by how angry the parents of the younger party are. 2-Year Difference 10-Year Sentence One well-publicized case demonstrating the need for Romeo and Juliet legislation is that of Genarlow Wilson, a 17-year-old who was imprisoned for having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old female. An athlete and honor student, Wilson was videotaped at a New Year’s Eve celebration engaging in oral sex and was sentenced to 10 years for aggravated child molestation. After serving jail time from 2003–07, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Wilson should be released; and this decision was followed by a change in state law that reduced consensual sex between teenagers to a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of one year. Sources Man shed sex offender status under new Romeo and Juliet law. Associated Press. Aug. 6, 2007.New Laws Take Romeo Into Account https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2007/07/16/new-laws-take-romeo-into-accountReynolds, Dave. Court to Decide on Discriminatory ‘Sodomy’ Law. The New Standard. Sept. 1, 2004.Why Is Gay Underage Sex Criminalized When Straight Sex Is Not? https://www.advocate.com/crime/2019/1/23/why-gay-underage-sex-criminalized-when-straight-sex-not